I am very, very new to signal processing (only started a few days ago) so please bear with me because I may be missing the big picture.

Consider an arbitrary signal x(t) with varying frequency to be processed by a computer.

Given the right sampling rate w.r.t the frequency, shouldn't the Sampling Theorem essentially imply that no information will be lost at all after the sampled signal is converted back to its continuous form, since there will be sufficient a sufficient number of discrete points for which the signal is described?