# Noise detection

I was wondering if someone could suggest a method to differenciate between two
signals, on algorithmic scale for example a criterium to calculate, that
shows how noisy a signal is, i have found a post about Signal-To-noise
ratio but i am not sure if it applies to my study case. This is an example of the signal.

Thank you

• Just round off each sample to the nearest integer (or nearest valid signal level). That is the easiest solution and it will work well work with your noisy signal. – KillaKem May 17 '16 at 14:22

Assumptions

• You know the times when the signal is high and when it is low.

Suggested solution(s)

SNR

There are many ways to quantify signal quality. SNR certainly is a valid way to achieve this in your case. Calculate

$$\textrm{SNR} = \frac{\bar{S}_\textrm{high}}{\sigma_\textrm{low}}$$

with $$\bar{S}_\textrm{high}$$ being the mean value of the signal during the high-phase and $$\sigma_\textrm{low}$$ being the standard deviation of the values during the low-phase. By this you can differentiate the two signals.

CNR

You could also calculate the contrast-to-noise-ratio as

$$\textrm{CNR} = \textrm{SNR}_\textrm{high} - \textrm{SNR}_\textrm{low} =\frac{\bar{S}_\textrm{high}}{\sigma_\textrm{high}} - \frac{\bar{S}_\textrm{low}}{\sigma_\textrm{low}}$$

with the signal mean and standard deviation taken in both phases. However, if you have reason to assume that during the low-phase there is only noise with mean 0, then both measures would be the same.

Regression quality parameters

Additionally, you could do a linear regression of a box-car function to your data and check the quality-of-fit measures, such as $$\chi^2$$, $$R^2$$, etc.

Remaining questions

The remaining question would be, if you have any limitations or spechial needs for the measure. Does it have to be in a certain range (i.e. always positive, bound between 0 and 1, ...). Is computation speed a limitation? Do you have to detect very small differences between signals, etc.

Linear Regression

In this thread, there is a post giving the relationship between SNR and the correlation coefficient of the known, noise-free signal. I'd like to take a second to point out the relationship with the linear regression, which is essentially the same. Assume that (column vector) $$\vec{s}^\prime$$ was the noise-free signal (box-car function, 0 in the low phase, 1 in the high phase), and (the column vector) $$\vec{y}^\prime$$ was the signal we are interested in. The prime symbols are there for further convenience after the next step where the primes will be dropped:

To capture the noise in the low phases properly, it is necessary to rescale the signal. If we did not do this, we would only take the noise in the high phases into consideration, since the model signal $$\vec{s}^\prime$$ is zero in the low phase by definition. Hence, set lets drop the primes and set:

$$\vec{s} = \vec{s}^\prime - \bar{s}$$ $$\vec{y} = \vec{y}^\prime - \bar{y}$$

where $$\bar{s}$$ denotes the mean value of $$s$$, and the same for $$\bar{y}$$, respectively. Please note that those vectors are centralized (i.e. the mean is subtracted, but they are not normalized, i.e. in general $$\vec{s}^T\vec{s} \neq 1$$. This is not a problem for the linear regression, but will be an argument down below regarding the correlation. For a proper correlation between two vectors, the vectors should be centralized and normalized to yield a correlation coefficient between -1 and 1).

A least squares regression can be done via $$A\vec{x} = \vec{y}$$, with the system matrix $$A$$ holding the regressors and $$\vec{x}$$ holding the contribution of each regressor to the signal. By using a pseudo-inverse, this can be solved in a least-squares sense via:

$$A^TA\vec{x} = A^T\vec{y} \Longrightarrow \vec{x} = (A^TA)^{-1}A^T\vec{y}$$

In our case, since there is no offset to the signal, we only have one regressor, which is $$\vec{s}$$, this simplifies the equation to:

$$x = \frac{\vec{s}^T\vec{y}}{\vec{s}^T\vec{s}}$$.

The vector symbol was dropped, since x is a scalar (i.e. only one regressor, hence only one contribution to the signal).

Please note that the scalar product $$\vec{s}^T\vec{s}$$ is the variance of the signal: $$N\sigma^2 = \sum{(s_i^\prime - \bar{s})^2}$$. As mentioned above, to compute a proper correlation, the vectors should be normalized. Hence, we borrow a square root of the variance of $$\vec{s}$$:

$$x = \frac{\vec{s}^T\vec{y}}{\sqrt{\vec{s}^T\vec{s}}\sqrt{\vec{s}^T\vec{s}}} = \frac{\vec{s_{\textrm{norm}}}^T\vec{y}}{\sqrt{\vec{s}^T\vec{s}}}$$.

We see from this result that the result $$x$$ from the linear regression is the same as the correlation coefficient $$\rho$$, except for a factor $$\sqrt{\vec{y}^T\vec{y}}$$. Hence $$\frac{x}{\sqrt{\vec{y}^T\vec{y}}} = \rho$$ can be used in the formula for SNR given in the other post to directly determine the SNR of the signal. Please note that the factor

$$\frac{\frac{1}{N}}{\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}}\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}}} = 1$$

was dropped/never introduced for convenience.

Update (9/25/2017) corrected formula after comments and simulation verification from colleague Eddie Byrne:

If you have a noise-free replica of the waveform (pure signal, no noise), you can use correlation coefficient as follows, where x is the signal and y is the signal + noise waveform (or vice versa):

$$\rho = \frac {cov(x,y)}{stddev(x)stddev(y)}$$

In terms of the samples of x and y this is:

$$\rho = \frac{\frac 1 N\sum(x-\bar x)(y-\bar y)}{\sqrt{\frac 1 N\sum(x-\bar x)^2}\sqrt{\frac 1 N\sum(y-\bar y)^2}}$$

The correlation coefficient, when correlated to a replica signal, represents the percentage of signal in the waveform. SNR in dB can therefore be related to the correlation coefficient as follows:

$$SNR = 10log_{10} \left(\frac{\rho^2}{1-\rho^2}\right)$$

For example if x is the noise-free replica of your signal, and y is your noisy signal, a correlation coefficient of 0.90 indicates that the power in y is $.9^2 = 81$% signal and 19% noise. SNR in dB is therefore $10log10(.90^2/(.1-.9^2) = 6.3$ dB

The correlation coefficient alone is an excellent metric to assess waveform quality.

For further confirmation of the relationship between SNR and $\rho$, the following is given in D.H. Johnson and D.E. Dudgeon, Array Signal Processing: Concepts and Techniques. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1993:

$$\rho^2(x,y) = \frac{\sigma_x^2}{\sigma_y^2} = \frac{SNR}{1+SNR}$$