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In many papers I see the following:

First we have to convert image from RGB to LAB color space to reduce colors then algorithm can run faster.

I can't understand this. How can this happen? What I read is that Lab color space has support for more colors than the other. But I see people says converting to Lab reduces the colors to better calculation. Why and how does this happen?

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You should read about LAB Color Space.

Its main advantage on RGB is by having 1 channel dedicated to the Luminosity of the Image and 2 others dedicated to the color information.

This means if you need to process only Luminosity / Color you can do that using LAB without having any effect on Color / Luminosity.

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