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I'll use the non-unitary Fourier transform (but this is not important, it's just a preference): $$X(\omega)=\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}x(t)e^{-i\omega t}dt\tag{1}$$ $$x(t)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}X(\omega)e^{i\omega t}d\omega\tag{2}$$ where (1) is the Fourier transform, and (2) is the inverse Fourier transform. Now if you formally take the ...

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That really depends on your definition of "enevelope" and what you need it for. The Hilbert transform calculates the "analytic" signal, i.e. it calculates a matching imaginary part to a real signal by shifting the phase by 90 degrees in the frequency domain. It's reputation of calculating the "envelope" comes mainly from communication technology. It works ...

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The error lies in the assumption that if $g(t)$ is the Hilbert transform of $f(t)$, then the Hilbert transform of $f(-t)$ must be $g(-t)$. This is not the case. Let $f^-(t)=f(-t)$. Then we have $$g(t)=\mathcal{H}\{f\}(t)=\frac{1}{\pi}\text{p.v.}\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}\frac{f(\tau)}{t-\tau}d\tau\tag{1}$$ and \begin{align}\mathcal{H}\{f^-\}(t)&=\frac{... 11 The most practical attempt that I am aware of is by Won and Berger (2005). They simultaneously recorded vocalizations at the mouth with a microphone and on the skull with a homemade vibrometer. They then estimated the relevant transfer functions with linear predictive coding and cepstral smoothing. 10 Like @sansuiso said, compressed sensing is a way of acquiring signals that happens to be efficient if the signals are sparse or compressible. Compressed Sensing is efficient because signals are multiplexed, hence the number of multiplexed samples (called measurements) is smaller than the number of samples required by Shannon-Nyquist where there are no ... 10 It is not impossible but it is not going to be a walk in the park too. What you would be trying to do is to add to the voice signal, those vibrations that are delivered to the ear via the bones and are not accessible to anyone else. But this is easier said than done in an accurate way. Sound propagation through a medium depends very much on its density. ... 9 I think it is kind'a similar to soft and hard thresholding using in wavelet de-noising. Have you come across this topic? pywt has already an in-built function for this purpose. Please take a closer look at this code and try to play with it: import pywt import matplotlib.pyplot as plt import numpy as np ts = [2, 56, 3, 22, 3, 4, 56, 7, 8, 9, 44, 23, 1, 4, 6,... 8 The closest orthogonal transform I know of that might meet your needs is the Slant Transform. It's based on sawtooth(ish) waves, but some of the basis functions do resemble triangle waves: (source: Applied Fourier transform) It was developed for image coding/compression, but it seems like a reasonable first approach for the analysis of long-term linear ... 8 Transliterations of Ukrainian names have different avatars in English (and in others languages as well). You can find Kravchuk polynomials, and other papers like On Krawtchouk Transforms or Krawtchouk polynomials and Krawtchouk matrices. You can find as well Kravchuk orthogonal polynomials. As they form an orthogonal basis of polynomials (as well as many ... 7 There are two things here: sparsity and compressed sensing. Sparsity is a general hypothesis, just claiming that most of the energy of a signal is stored in a small number of coefficients in the good basis. This is quite intuitive, looking at Fourier transforms or wavelet transforms. It is true for probably any signal of interest (image, sound...) and ... 7 Correlation and convolution are basically the same operations. You can express the cross-correlation of two functions f(t) and g(t) by a convolution:R_{fg}(\tau)=f(\tau)\star g^*(-\tau)$$where \star denotes convolution, and * denotes complex conjugation. If you evaluate the cross-correlation at \tau=0 you get the inner product of f(t) and ... 7 The problem is not sufficiently specified, because the range of admissible values of n is missing. Here I make the assumption that we consider n>0. With this assumption we have$$X(z)=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}x[n]z^{-n}=\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{z^{-n}}{n^2}\tag{1}$$And that's the point where we might get stuck, if we didn't have a list of mathematical ... 6 You don't need to split image into blocks. The DCT equation can be applied to the whole image. The block division has been chosen for JPEG standard partly because DCT was costly to compute in the past (but that's not the only reason). You can choose any size of block (including the single block, which is the image itself), then split image into the blocks ... 6 The fourier transform gives you very fine resolution in the frequency domain, but during the transformation, you loose all the information about when (for time signals) or where (for images) these frequencies occur in your input signal. The Gabor transform alleviates this problem by windowing the base functions of the fourier transform with a Gaussian ... 6 I would use a linear phase FIR Hilbert transformer, and use block processing, such as the overlap-add method. That means that you partition the input signal into contiguous non-overlapping blocks and compute the convolution of each block with your filter impulse response. The results are then overlapped and added. Overlap occurs because the result of the ... 5 The time vs frequency resolution is a well-known problem, and there are indeed approaches to overcome it. For audio signals, some of the commonly used techniques include: parametric methods ; adaptive resolution (analyze with various time/frequency configurations and patch the results together - Wen X. and M. Sandler, "Composite spectrogram using multiple ... 5 The Hilbert transform does NOT calculate an analytic signal. If we have a real-valued sequence x(n), and the Hilbert transform of x(n) is x_H(n), the analytic signal, a(n), associated with x(n) is:$$a(n) = x(n) + jx_H(n)$$Computing the magnitude of a(n) will give you the instantaneous envelope of the original x(n) sequence. This works ... 5 As mentioned in Batman's answer, the condition of the sequence being absolutely summable is only sufficient but not necessary. The Fourier transform can be extended to \ell_2 sequences, i.e. sequences for which$$\sum_{n=-\infty}^{\infty}|f[n]|^2<\infty$$is satisfied. A further generalization is possible if you allow distributions and their ... 5 This is achievable with two parallel all pass filters. The two all pass filters synthesize an odd ordered low pass filter whose pass band extends from -90º to +90º in the z-domain. (I will discuss this below).$$ G_{lowpass}(z) = \frac{A_0(z)+z^{-1}A_1(z)}{2} $$The low pass filter is then rotated by +90º so that its pass band extends from 0º to 180º, which ... 5 Your first solution using the properties of the Fourier transform is correct. Your second solution is wrong, because you forgot to include the unit step function. Your function g(t) should be defined by$$g(t)=e^{-t}u(t)\tag{1}$$which gives for g(2t-1)$$g(2t-1)=e^{-(2t-1)}u(2t-1)=e^{-(2t-1)}u\left(t-\frac12\right)\tag{2}$$Consequently, the Fourier ... 5 It's all about structure. One early paper on this is A Unified Treatment of Discrete Fast Unitary Transforms, 1977: A set of recursive rules which generate unitary transforms with a fast algorithm (FUT) are presented. For each rule, simple relations give the number of elementary operations required by the fast algorithm. The common Fourier, Walsh-... 4 Yes, many people have worked on time-frequency analysis. The approach of "slice my data into chunks, perform the FFT on each chunk" is a good idea. Applying a "window function" on each chunk, just before performing the FFT, helps avoid many artifacts. Allowing chunks to overlap also helps. After those tweaks, you end up with the Gabor transform, which seems ... 4 First order B-splines are triangles, and there exist algorithms to represent an arbitrary signal as a sum of B-splines. As mentioned, these splines do not form an orthobasis, but this is not necessarily a terrible thing. A good place to start is the the paper by Unser on efficient B-spline approximation. http://bigwww.epfl.ch/publications/unser9301.pdf 4 White noise implies no correlation between samples of the noise, even consecutive samples. Colored noise, therefore, implies that there is correlation of some sort between the noise samples, which in turn implies that we can take advantage of that correlation to get rid of some of the noise. Beyond that, there is not a lot that we can say about what it ... 4 complex morlet was added Aug 10, 2007 ricker and cwt were added Sep 20, 2011 There's no indication that cwt is meant to be compatible with morlet. As cwt docstring says: Wavelet function, which should take 2 arguments. ... second is a width parameter, defining the size of the wavelet (e.g. standard deviation of a gaussian). The morlet function takes 4 ... 4 Because the left (top) edge of an image is unlikely to be a reflection of its right (bottom) edge, there are discontinuities all along the edges of an image when it is viewed as N-periodic. These discontinuities are represented in the frequency domain by high-frequency coefficients. From an image compression point of view, using the 2-D DFT as a transform ... 4 You are right that the (bilateral) Laplace transform can be interpreted as the Fourier transform of e^{-\sigma t}f(t). However, I think that the significance of the Laplace transform only becomes clear when s=\sigma+j\omega is viewed as a complex variable because then we can study the analytic properties of the system function. E.g., electrical networks ... 4 The plot is of$$\mid X\left(i\omega\right) \mid = \sqrt{\left(\frac{1}{a+j\omega}\right)\left(\frac{1}{a-j\omega}\right)} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{a^2 + \omega^2}} against $\omega$ In particular $\omega$ can be equal to $-a$. This checks out with Wolfram alpha

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Strictly speaking you can't because without specifying the ROC, the inverse Laplace transform is generally not unique. However, in many contexts there is the implicit assumption of causality of the corresponding time function (i.e., $x(t)=0$ for $t<0$), which is equivalent to stating that the ROC is a right half-plane.

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Looks like you need a general explanation of the discrete wavelet transform (DWT). DWT breaks a signal down into subbands distributed evenly in a logarithmic frequency scale, each subband sampled at a rate proportional to the frequencies in that band. The traditional Fourier transformation has no time domain resolution at all, or when done using many short ...

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