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Convolution is correlation with the filter rotated 180 degrees. This makes no difference, if the filter is symmetric, like a Gaussian, or a Laplacian. But it makes a whole lot of difference, when the filter is not symmetric, like a derivative.
The reason we need convolution is that it is associative, while correlation, in general, is not. To see why this ...
14
If I understand your method 1 correctly, with it, if you used a circularly symmetrical region and did the rotation about the center of the region, you would eliminate the region's dependency on the rotation angle and get a more fair comparison by the merit function between different rotation angles. I will suggest a method that is essentially equivalent to ...
13
The lossy JPEG compression does not merely remove small coefficients in higher frequencies. It encodes them with a precision relative to a (relatively crude) visual perception model; most notably, horizontal and vertical frequencies are not quantized with the same precision. And as in many compression formats, it essentially assumes that the data is locally ...
13
It depends how you define the term "information" or "entropy".
The conventional definition of entropy of an image is to think the image as a two-dimensional matrix of pixels and
$$H = - \sum_k p_k \log_2(p_k),$$
where $p_k$ is the probability, which is calculated from histogram, associated with gray level $k$.
This kind of entropy is correct if we ignore ...
12
The DC term is the 0 Hz term and is equivalent to the average of all the samples in the window (hence it's always purely real for a real signal). The terminology does indeed come from AC/DC electricity - all the non-zero bins correspond to non-zero frequencies, i.e. "AC components" in an electrical context, whereas the zero bin corresponds to a fixed value, ...
9
The term "DC" comes from the field of signal processing back when signals were actually small currents on a copper wire... An electrical signal was usually transmited as a small modulation ("AC") over a strong and fixed current/volatage ("DC"). The strong fixed current usually determined the electrical properties of the analog components of the circuit ...
8
The appeal of this image is obviously in the numerous lines, which test the aliasing properties of resizing, denoising, and super-resolution algorithms.
It seems Allen Gersho is the source, according to the Acknowledgement section of Embedded image coding using zerotrees of wavelet coefficients
If you want more specific information you could ask him or one ...
7
Second question is easy: optical flow, more specifically dense optical flow, is an algorithm that takes two consecutive video frames and returns a vector field. For every pixel in frame 1 you get a vector showing where it moved to in frame 2. You can also have sparse optical flow, which only computes the motion vectors for certain pixels, such as the ...
7
So one good step to enhance the vein-like structures is coherence enhancing diffusion:
Weickert, Joachim. "Coherence-enhancing diffusion filtering." International Journal of Computer Vision 31.2-3 (1999): 111-127.
So I first apply this algorithm to your image, aggressively. The next step is to identify the curvilinear structures, which would in this case ...
6
Hue is the main indication of color. It is the value actually telling you which color it is or the value that lets you go "red" when you see a red object.
Saturation is the perceived intensity. In other words it is a value of how dominant the color is, or how colorful the object looks.
Practical example: Regardless of the color, shadows generally happen to ...
6
Basically the dimensional number refers to the number of independent variables (input).
In one dimensional signal $f(t)$, the amplitude $y=f(t)$ is the dependent variable (output), and there is only one independent variable $t$.
In two dimensional image $f(x,y)$, the two independent variables are $x$ and $y$, and the dependent variable $f$ is also called ...
6
Salt-and-pepper noise is a form of noise sometimes seen on images. It presents itself as sparsely occurring white and black pixels.
In another words ( in the sense of pixels), salt and pepper noise means that are high frequencies, so for salt noise the values of this noise type is high (255 ... 200), and for the pepper noise the values of this noise type is ...
6
When you take an RGB Image matrix and convert the color into HSV Color Model the color is represented on Cylinder.
Now, the intensity (Lightness / Value) is the height on this Cylinder which is going from black to white and basically sets the Gray Color of the neutral color (One which blends RGB in the same intensity).
Saturation is the Radius and ...
6
It's a DFT property that if you apply DFT twice to input data, you get the original signal flipped (circularly). Stated mathematically for 1D case:
$$ x[n] \xrightarrow{ N-DFT } X[k] $$
$$ X[k] \xrightarrow{ N-DFT } Y[k] = N x[-k] $$
similar result can be shown for 2D case. And as you can see, the resulting output is the flipped (horizontally and ...
5
A label is some unique ID that you attach to part of an image or to a pixel. You can have as many labels as objects (or classes) of interest for your application.
Some examples:
in connected component labeling, pixels are assigned a label that is usually just a number corresponding to the ID of the connected region the pixels belong to;
in object detection/...
5
There are various methods on 2d interpolation (this one, and this one). But most of them considered at least 4 points rather than 2. The simplest 2d interpolation is 3 1d interpolation, in which you interpolate the points between (x1-d1, y1-d2) and (x1+d1, y1-d2) as (x2,y2), then you interpolate the points between (x1-d3, y1+d4) and (x1+d3, y1+d4) as (x3,y3)....
5
This code work fine for me. You try
RGB = imread('Image/input.png');
GRAY = rgb2gray(RGB);
threshold = graythresh(GRAY);
originalImage = im2bw(GRAY, threshold);
originalImage = bwareaopen(originalImage,250);
se = strel('disk', 10); %# structuring element
closeBW = imclose(originalImage,se);
imshow(closeBW);
5
If the example images you've given are at all representative of your application, you may want to consider thinking about the problem a little differently. Instead of thinking of the image as "corrupted by Poisson noise", think of the observed data as a limited number of photons sampled at random from the latent image intensity map. The photon counts you get ...
5
Both JPEG and JPEG 2000 use the change of basis compression type.
Namely, we transform the data into a different representation assuming in this representation the number of parameters needed to describe to data is lower.
Or to the least, most of the information is gathered within few parameters.
Now, if you look at the energy level of the DCT coefficients ...
5
JPEG projects $8\times 8$ blocks of images onto $64$ 2D cosine patterns:
The one in column $1$ and row $5$, once quantized, may look like your hamburger. Luminance and chroma components may get different subsampling patterns. I suspect that the low varying background is nearly horizontal, and due to the different processing steps, it ends up with a mid-...
5
The developers of both are the same hence the similarity is indeed "By Design".
The only difference is the addition of 2 constants in SSIM (C1 and C2).
The UQI:
The SSIM:
As the writers write in the SSIM paper:
Namely, UQI is a private case of SSIM for C1 = 0 and C2 = 0.
5
There is a similar DSP trick here, but I don't remember the details exactly.
I read about it somewhere, some while ago. It has to do with figuring out fabric pattern matches regardless of the orientation. So you may want to research on that.
Grab a circle sample. Do sums along spokes of the circle to get a circumference profile. Then they did a DFT on ...
5
This is a go at the first suggested extension of my previous answer.
Ideal circularly symmetric band-limiting filters
We construct an orthogonal bank of four filters bandlimited to inside a circle of radius $\omega_c$ on the frequency plane. The impulse responses of these filters can be linearly combined to form directional edge detection kernels. An ...
4
It depends on the final goal and the model used.
If we assume we have an image - $ I $ which is a result of a sum on of an image $ W $ with noise $ n $: $I = W + n$ and our goal by reducing the noise is estimating $ W $ than this process is restoration.
Yet I could try achieving a different goal by denoising, such as making it look better (Subjective target) ...
4
Each DCT output bin is a (weighted) correlation against a cosine function of a certain frequency. A negative value would represent a negative correlation, e.g. something in the image data is of the opposite phase to that cosine (e.g. maybe dark when the cosine is 1, and light when the cosine is -1, instead of vice-versa for a positive correlation).
4
the simplest interpolation method is nearest neighbour. If you have 4 points with values given by Ms the interpolated value is given by P = f(x,y):
P$\ = f(x,y)$
= M_11 if $\ |x-x_1|<= |x-x_2|$ and $\ |y-y_1|<= |y-y_2|$,
= M_12 if $\ |x-x_1|< |x-x_2|$ and $\ |y-y_2|< |y-y_1|$,
= M_21 if $\ |x-x_2|< |x-x_1|$ and $\ |y-y_1|< |y-y_2|$,
...
4
Although you did not spent even a minute in researching the question I will post an answer to it. There are multiple ways; I will try to demonstrate it using wavelets in Mathematica.
So, first of all we need an image.
img = ExampleData[{"TestImage", "Mandrill"}]
Then we apply the DiscreteWaveletTransform using the HaarWavelet
dwd = ...
4
It depends on how you define the noise and what kind of noise does your image have. Different filters work on different kinds of noise. Among those filters, Wiener filter is often used by tailoring itself to the local image variance. And a new method called block-matching and 3D filtering (BM3D) in which the Weiner filter is used to optimize the parameters of ...
4
Here you have two options.
1) Color calibrate your cameras (radiometric calibration) to the same reference. Then try matching. There are many academic works on this topic, one of them being:
http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/yasumat/papers/rankcalib_PAMI12_preprint.pdf
2) Use a vignetting invariant (or color invariant) feature descriptor. For ...
4
The 3-digit number describes the subsampling of the
chroma (U and V) channels. A detailed explanation is at
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chroma_subsampling
In particular, YUV420 means that the U and V channels have half the resolution of the luma (Y) channel, in the horizontal and vertical directions. The sampling method usually present in low to medium ...
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