# Tag Info

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Three reasons to increasing the sampling rate further are 1) To relax the requirements of the post D/A conversion filtering for image rejection. 2) Increase signal SNR by spreading quantization noise for a fixed number of DAC bits across a wider frequency range. 3) Minimize passband droop in the D/A reconstruction. Reason 1 is the most dominant one in my ...

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The Gardner Timing Error Detector is diagrammed in the graphic below, where two samples per symbol are used, and the error is determined using Prompt*(Late-Early), and when synchronized the center sample (Prompt) will be midway between two symbols. In contrast, an Early-Late approach uses (Late-Early), typically on a correlated symbol response, and when ...

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My first inclination is to say this is a meaningless question. The concept of "instantaneous" frequency really only pertains to a single pure tone with a slightly varying frequency. In this light, one may construct a definition saying "The instantaneous frequency at time $t$ is the same as that of a pure tone which matches the function (sum) in the ...

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Eventhough Laurent has given a broader sense of the answer, let me put here the communications theory sense ot it. The concept of instantaneous freqency emerges when you consider Frequency Modulation or Phase Modulation systems, where the message is embedded into the change of the frequency or phase of a carrier signal. This carrier is typically a single ...

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The notion of instantaneous frequency is (hopefully) consistent with the monochromatic wave model: $$x(t)=a \cos 2\pi \nu t\,,$$ where $a$ is the amplitude and $\nu$ the frequency. It would be tempting to compute a similar formula for evolving amplitude and frequency cases, something like: $$x(t)=a(t) \cos \left(\phi(t)\right)\,.$$ However, this is not ...

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The OP stated he was interested in $\pi/4$-DQPSK (not QPSK), so phase synchronization is presumably not an issue for him. As far as the actual implementation is concerned, you'll save yourself some time if you become familiar with the bottom of pages 29 (symbol mapping) and 37 (differential detection) in this student paper. Ignore all the old TI DSP-chip ...

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Say you have the receive antennas very close together, like with spacing $\lambda/10$ or similar and they are uniformly spaced in a linear array. As you pointed out the the phase shifts between them will be fairly small, so what does it mean? It means that the spatial resolution of your beamformer will be poor. In the extreme case, consider something crazy ...

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I give an explanation that avoids the pejorative comments of Engineer. First question: can you explain me these two definitions of perfect code? Those are not two definitions of perfect codes but rather a single somewhat poorly-phrased definition of a perfect code. It should read A perfect (binary) $t$-error-correcting code of block length $n$ is a ...

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Small scale fading results from a superposition of a large number of propagation paths between TX and RX, which can be constructive or desctructive depending on their phase offset. As the phase offset varies rapidly with the propagation distance, the phase offsets between different paths are likely to vary rapidly too, leading to a pseudo-random behaviour of ...

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How can we measure the SINR of the nodes: as we do not have the Power x Gain product without the knowledge of Power and Gain of IoT nodes. Not at all, you have zero information about the N in SINR, and without channel knowledge you also can't have any information on the S, nor the I, even if you knew the transmit powers (which you don't). Is it right to ...

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If by "oversampling", you mean interpolating more frequency samples between your existing frequency samples, then in this case this would have the effect of zero padding your time domain waveform. Therefore the duration of your signal itself doesn't change, but the duration of time over which the DFT is performed would, with the addition of zero padding to ...

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In 5G NR or 4G LTE, Multiple Input-Multiple Output (MIMO) transmission is a key technology specifically in downlink. Signals transmitted from gNB/eNB via different antennas or signals subjected to different and for the receiver unknown, multiple antenna precoding will experience different radio channels even if the MIMO antennas are located at the same site. ...

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