I have an old audio cassette tape of digital data I converted to .wav and am hacking to recover the original data. I demodulated the 4K/2K FSK modulation with minimodem. Then I get stuck with insufficient understanding of the NRZI bit-stuffing algorithm. Short-cut: does anybody know of sox-like or minimodem-like program that does NRZI decoding through Linux pipes? Many references explain that bits are stuffed into NRZI data streams after 5 consecutive bits of one polarity. But to be precise, I haven't found a clarification. Does this mean: 1. a bit stuff happens after 5 bits, or 2. a bit stuff happens in order to prevent a run of 6 bits? By example, if the original data is ...11111001... does it get transmitted as is, or does a bit stuff occur to send the data ...111110001... ? If the bit-stuff is only to cause a transition after 5 bits, then the stuff is not necessary. But the docs say "after 5 bits" which would create unnecessary stuffs if the original data had inherent runs of exactly 5 bits. Here's the bit stream I'm trying to decode. root@kali:~# minimodem --rx -R 44100 --mark 4000 --space 2000 --binary-raw 26 -f monoshort8008.wav 500 CARRIER 500 @ 4000.0 Hz 11111111111111111111111111 11111111111111111111111111 11111111111111111110111010 00001111100000100000111110 00001000001111100000100000 11111000001000001111100000 10000011111000001000001111 10000010000011111010101011 11111110100010001011111000 00100000110000010010111000 00101100110101110111111000 10101000110000010101111000 00100000110100010001011000 00100101110101110101011000 10101001110110010101111000 10101000110101110000011011 00100000110101110100011001 00101011110110010100011000 00101011110000010000011010 00100111110000010110011010 11101011110001010100111000 00101011110000010000011001 00100001110000010110011010 11101001110001010100111000 00101011110000010000011011 00100100110000010110011000 11100010110001010100011000 00101011110111110111111011 11101111110000110111011110 NOCARRIER ndata=29 confidence=150.653 ampl=0.126 bps=500.04 (0.0% fast) Notice the sets of 5 bits near the beginning. Notice also the periodicity of 13 bytes, visible as vertical column runs of 1 or 0 through all the data. Andy suggested Octave check the frequencies of the modulation. Here is a plot of the data - x axis is unscaled. Data was collected at 44,100 Hz. Working the scale factor shows 2K and 4K Hz 2msec bits. [![Octave wav data plot][1]][1] [1]: https://i.sstatic.net/Z9Xfe.jpg