Questions tagged [power-spectral-density]
The Power Spectral Density (PSD) is the distribution of signal power over frequencies.
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SDR spectrum anomalies
Is it normal to see periodic peaks going from 48.75 - 90 MHz? Also i was checking on my SDR dongle once and the whole band was raised above background offset for like a whole 50 MHz bandwidth and then ...
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How to find the solution of nonlinear least square (NLS) equation for freqeuncy estimation
I am struggling to understand the theory of parametric methods for power spectral estimations of line spectra.
And I want to find the solution of nonlinear least square (NLS) method for estimating ...
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Formula for PSD across an axis of a 2D output
Consider a 2D stationary input $e(x,y)$ and a 2D real convolution function $h(x,y)$. Let $S=h*e$ be the result of the convolution of $e$ by $h$.
If needed, we may assume $e$ is isotropic (spectrum ...
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PSD graph of GPS L1 Signal on MATLAB
I'm trying to analyze GPS L1 C/A signal on MATLAB. I could generate the PRN codes(binary signals). After I add NAV Data to the PRN code using modulo 2, I need to modulate it using BPSK. I also could ...
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Normalize a Mel-Spec over which axis?
I have to find out: how to normalize a Mel-spectrogram.(for mashine-learning purpose) However, I don't know which axis has to be transformed.
The spectrogram S is of shape (m x n) where n are the ...
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30 views
Analytically determine a PSD from a transient function
This question is related to a series of questions I have asked about the units of PSD and ESDs. I include it as a separate question as it may have worth in isolation.
As I understand it to compute ...
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The Fourier transform of a damped cosine and the units of the result
If I take a simple transient voltage signal of the form
$$f(t) = V_p e^{-t/\tau} \cos(\omega_0 t)$$
and take the Fourier transform in the normal way
$$F(\omega) = \frac{V_p}{\sqrt{2 \pi}} \int^{+\...
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16 views
Power spectral density of surface roughness
I am currently working on understanding how visually and intuitively the power spectral density is the fourier transform of the autocorrelation of a signal. I was wondering if anyone had a good ...
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1answer
26 views
Peak to Average Power Ratio of an exponentially increasing signal
I am having an exponentially increasing sinusoidal signal.
After sampling, I am dividing the signal into frames of length 128 and doing windowing operation with a hanning window of length 128. Then ...
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How to applying window function to get same result with pwelch in MATLAB
I'm trying to calculate the power spectral density (PSD) to analyze signal power. To do so, I wrote a MATLAB code with the great help of others and below is my code.
...
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Integral over power spectral density
The wikipedia entry on PSD has one confusing line:
Summation or integration of the spectral components yields the total power (for a physical process) or variance (in a statistical process)
But ...
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Scaling of the PWELCH function in MATLAB
I am trying to compute the power spectral density of a random signal using the PWELCH function in MATLAB.
Since I think have not understood properly how Pwelch scales the PSD, I wrote a sample ...
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how to calculate power spectrum of Gaussian noise from the known variance of it?
can someone explain me the following paragraph, i tried to understand it but i am not getting it exactly, Thank you !
Since you know the variance, you can predict the energy of the noise image, ∑x∑y|...
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1answer
40 views
How to implement Matlab welch in python with the same result?
I want to implement Matlab pwelch function in python.
The Matlab code is shown blew:
[PSD,f] = pwelch(data,length(data),[],[],2000);
which data is a row vector ...
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1answer
54 views
Plotting curved peaks on PSD graph
I am a PhD student with little engineering experience, currently attempting to recreate the signal processing techniques used in this paper: Monitoring Vital Signs and Postures During Sleep Using WiFi ...
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why a limit on passband in spectral masks?
I was wondering why there is a usually flat limit on passband of every spectral masks.
For sidebands it makes sense but for passband not so much.
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Definitions of PSD, ESD and Autocorrelation
This question is going to encompass multiple areas and may not have a single answer but here it goes. I'm trying to conceptualize 3 different concepts and how they relate to each other. These 3 ...
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1answer
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Difference of doing a PSD estimate of data and logarithmic transformed data?
What is the difference between doing a PSD estimate with data and the same data but which is logarithmically transformed before the estimate? Does it make the data more sinusoidal in nature?
An ...
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Relating Fourier and power-law descriptions of noise
I'm trying to understand this PDF, which is in English but has Polish authors, so there may be translation issues confusing me. The subject is the frequencies of sentence lengths in novels.
Eq. (1), ...
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Spectral density functions in NMR
A spectral density function (three of them depicted below) is 'power' vs frequency. These functions apparently inform us on the dynamics of spins in a protein somehow but I'm having the hardest time ...
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Fluctuations of spectral density estimates
I have seen in a few papers things like :
or
Without ever seeing the assumptions which are made, and of course no justifications. Does somebody know why it is a valid approximation to make ?
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Test of statistical significance of power-spectrum against red-noise
I have a process which is most probably red-noise and my goal is to know if the peaks or pits are "real" or just due to random fluctuations.
I would like to know if there is exists a test of ...
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1answer
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Prefactors computing PSD of a signal with numpy.fft VS. scipy.signal.welch
The power spectral density St of a signal u may be computed as the product of the FFT of the signal, ...
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power systems database
I'm having a hard time searching for a power systems database. I need some samples of a real wave form from a power source, like a residential power plug or an industrial one.
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Is there a version of Welch's method that doesn't look for power?
Welch's method splits a time signal, $x(n)$ into $M$ periodograms $P_m$,
$P_{x_m,M }(k) = \frac{1}{M}|F_k(x_m)|^2$
and averages them to give the Power Spectral Density (PSD),
$S_{x}(k) = \frac{1}{K}...
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Power Spectral Density of Finite Signals
I have a basic confusion which I hope someone can help clear.
Say I have two signals:
$S_1=\sin(2\pi t) \forall t\in[0,+\infty]$
$S_2=\sin(2\pi t) \forall t\in[2,5]$, $S_2=0$ otherwise
Now let's ...
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126 views
Correct comparison of FFT noise with FFT signal
I have a sensor which I am using to track a strong but noisy varying signal. When the signal is present there is a lot of energy in the FFT bins, when there is no signal the is much less energy - but ...
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38 views
Clip wav by PSD
I have the following two things.
sequence_1: Sound file in the wave format.
PSD_1: Some PSD (Power Spectral Density).
I want that the PSD(sequence_1) < PSD_1 for all indices.
How I think about ...
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1answer
38 views
Calculate Frequency/Period from Output of a Maximum Entropy Spectrum MATLAB function
When I plot said function output, "p," it looks like a typical spectrum with an easily identifiable peak at a given ix on the x axis. The help rubric from the function is
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1answer
25 views
Can't seem to get welch function in scipy work correctly
I'm trying to learn DSP through using Python's scipy package.
I have measure some 200Hz signal from a machine. Now I want to inspect the spectral density of the signal. Here's the signal plotted out:
...
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2answers
87 views
STFT on time varying signal with good time and frequency resolution
I am trying to determine the main frequency of a noisy signal that varies in frequency over time. Ideally I want to detect changes in the frequency as rapidly as possible - say 50Hz update rate, but I ...
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Estimate peak bandwidth from adjacent STFT bins for notch filter
I am using STFT to extract a strong, frequency varying signal from a continuous set of digital samples. I am able to do this very successfully and am determining the peak bin using PSD and 50% overlap ...
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PSD from autocorrelation in MATLAB
I am trying to simulate a simple stochastic process defined by the equation:
\begin{equation}
\frac{1}{v}\frac{db}{dt} +\Gamma_0 b= \sqrt{\sigma}R(t),
\end{equation}
where $R(t)$ is a zero-mean white ...
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Computing differences between dynamic power spectrums to identify transient features
I have a few minutes of magnetic field data with a lot of noise and unwanted frequencies, and I'd like to be able to identify any transient waves that may appear in my data. To do this, I'm dividing ...
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2answers
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Frequency response of a microphone using a sine sweep
I want to determine the frequency response (magnitude, phase) of a microphone. I have another "good" reference microphone whose frequency response I know.
I understand that I can use a good speaker ...
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Should PSD be smoothed for SNR computation in frequency domain?
When taking the Power Spectral Density of a short duration signal (say 1 second, sampled at 4096 Hz), should it be smoothed to compute SNR? I want to computed the matched filter SNR, perfectly knowing ...
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Relation between $X(f)$ and $S_x(f)$
We know that for a signal $x(t)$, it is related to $R_x(\tau)$ as, $$R_x(\tau) = \int_{-\infty}^{\infty}x(t)x(t-\tau)dt$$.
$\\$We also know that $$R_x(\tau) \rightleftharpoons S_x(f)$$
$\\$How do we ...
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1answer
387 views
FFT and Power Spectrum Normalization
On many websites, including MathWorks, it was suggested to normalize the fft spectrum (MATLAB or numpy) by dividing it by the total number of samples ($N$). For a sinusoidal signal, for example:
$$x(...
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Over-the-air (OTA) BER measurement
I'm in the process of evaluating BER performance for a GNU Radio BPSK receiver. The setup for the experiment is illustrated below.
Using a spectrum analyzer just before the USRP, the average channel ...
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1answer
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psd in matlab, problem with the coefficient $\frac{1}{2\pi}$
Using the fft to mimic the Fourier Transform I have this question.
The definition that I use for the PSD $S(f)$ is:
$S(f)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{\infty}^{\infty}exp(-i\tau2\pi f)r(\tau)d\tau$
where r(t)...
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1answer
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How can we prove that Spectral density of In-Phase component and Quad-Phase component of a sample function of narrow-band noise have same definition?
Suppose we have a narrow-band noise $N(t)$. We analyse this to In-Phase and Quad phase components by the equation:
$$N(t) = N_I(t) \cos(2\pi f_c t) - N_Q(t) \sin(2\pi f_c t)$$
Now a book (by Simon ...
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1answer
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Question regarding AC power of ergodic process
We know Ergodic process is the subset of Weakly stationary process which permits us to substitute time average for ensemble Average
My teacher said If $X(t)$ is Ergodic random process then following ...
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1answer
54 views
limit of the integral in the anti-transform
if I have an autocorrelation on a limited domain
r($\tau$)=$\lim_{T \to \infty}\frac{1}{T} \int_{0}^{T} u(t)u(t+\tau)dt$
The power spectral density, obviously will have an infinitive domain:
S(f)=...
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how to cut off frequencies above 10 Hz with Welch method
This is the first time I have worked with any code so I am rather unfamiliar with all the lingo and processes involved. I am trying to convert a signal to the frequency domain and want to find the ...
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1answer
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demonstration using parseval
I have to do a demonstration.
If we do the Parseval identity of the signals $x(t)$, $y(t)$ and $z(t)$ that go from $0$ to $T$ and that are real, we have:
$\int_{0}^{T} x(t)^2dt=\int_{-\infty}^{\...
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1answer
66 views
Power Spectral Density vs Energy Spectral Density for Discrete Signal
I'm sure this is a silly question but reading a bit about the PSD vs ESD for continuous signals, I'm a bit confused how that applies to discrete signals.
Usually people seem to be using the PSD when ...
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what is equal to the FT of the Autocorrelation function
I am trying to make my own demonstration in order to find what is equal to the FT of the Autocorrelation function.
The autocorrelation function in some book about turbulence is defined as:
r($\tau$)=...
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2answers
68 views
Filter before or after multiplication of two signals?
I have two signals and want to multiply them, e.g. voltage and current are multiplied to get power. The result (e.g. power) shall be a filtered result, e.g. to see the average.
Is it better to filter ...
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1answer
48 views
power spectrum -PSD
I was wandering if someone can help me to understand if there is difference between power spectrum and power spectral density.
Looking here I found that there are differences
https://www.quora.com/...
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140 views
Power contained in a random process $X(t)$
How do we calculate the AC and DC power of random process $X(t)$ , provided we have $R_x (\tau)$, and $S_x(f)$ ?
