Questions tagged [ofdm]
OFDM stands for Orthogonal, Frequency-Division Multiplexing.
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How is symbol synchronization with OFDM done?
I'm trying to understand how symbol synchronization is done in OFDM using pilot tones, cyclic prefixes, or any other technique.
I've read the following answers which provide some explanation, but I ...
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How to demodulate an OFDM signal
I'm looking at decoding an OFDM signal which consists of 6 carriers (or tones) which are BPSK modulated and a pilot tone which aids tuning. This is the first time I have worked with OFDM so I need to ...
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What is difference between OFDM and GFDM?
I am trying to understand the difference(s) between OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and GFDM (Generalized Frequency Division Multiplexing) which are used as a multicarrier modulation ...
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Practicality of the assumption of i.i.d. for Rayleigh channels
I would like to understand how far the assumption of having i.i.d. is accurate/valid (from the practical point of view) when an OFDM system is working in Rayleigh channels. Is this means the channel ...
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Flat fading criterion of OFDM subcarrier spacing
I have always thought that the OFDM subcarrier spacing $\Delta f$ is chosen such that
not too small because Doppler spread can destroy subcarrier orthogonality
not too large to avoid Cyclic Prefix (...
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What Is the Difference between RLS, LMS and Wiener Filter? When Is One Preferred Over Another?
I'm dealing with a channel equalization problem where the channel is modeled as a WSS process.
I understand LMS utilities a Wiener-like approach, ie it converges to the optimal (wiener) solution.
I ...
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Can we do cyclic prefix with zeros in OFDM rather than with samples from end of the ofdm symbol?
considering an OFDM symbol of x(0)x(1)x(2)x(3)x(4)....x(n-2)x(n-1)x(n).
To perform cyclic prefix we prefix some samples from end of this OFDM symbol to the beginning of the OFDM symbol, like
x(n-3)...
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What's the reasoning behind changing pilot tones in OFDM?
Many OFDM wireless protocols (e.g. 802.11, DVB-T2, LTE, etc.) utilize pilot tones to provide channel state information for the receiver. Within the transmission, the pilot tones generally assume a ...
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What does the one-tap equalizer used with OFDM accomplish?
I've read that OFDM normally uses a one-tap equalizer. It seems that a one-tap equalizer could only scale and delay a signal. Why is this useful?
I thought multipath was handled through the cyclic-...
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OFDM training symbol format
For OFDM synchronisation, we are using two training symbols according to the Schmidl and Cox method of frequency synchronization and timing synchronization. The paper says:
The first OFDM training ...
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The necessity of null subcarrier in OFDM?
In looking to LTE specifications, with the subcarrier spacing $\Delta f = 15 \textrm{kHz}$,
for bandwidth $10 \textrm{MHz}$, fft size $N_{fft} = 1024$ that needs a sampling rate $F_s \geq 1024 \times ...
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Sparse Channel Estimation in OFDM System
Compressive sensing methods are used in channel estimation when the channel is thread as sparse where there are zero points in the signal representation.
I am in the beginning of the sparse signal ...
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Why does OFDM use cyclic-prefix while QPSK uses root-raised cosine filters?
My understanding is that BPSK/QPSK/... are often implemented with root-raised cosine (RRC) filters to reduce ISI and bandwidth.
OFDM can be understood to be BPSK/QPSK/... implemented on multiple ...
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Hermitian symmetry in OFDM systems
I am trying to understand the usage of Hermitian symmetry in OFDM systems and have a couple of questions regarding this.
What is the reason of using the Hermitian symmetry in OFDM?
How can we arrange ...
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Alamouti code after or before IFFT block in OFDM
We are trying to implement Alamouti STBC on underlying ofdm signal. We were thinking as to where to write alamouti coder block.
I thought we could write it after the cyclic prefixer block as we get a ...
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What's the rationale behind this pulse shaping function?
Section 13.2 of the HD Radio standard for AM defines a pulse shaping function that appears to be some strange variant on a raised cosine filter:
More specifically, H(ξ) is a raised cosine filter with ...
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Pilot symbols in IEEE 802.11a
In IEEE 802.11a standards, there are many fields. Of which is the Data field which has 52 available sub-carriers used for transmission of coded bits. If the subcarrier locations are numbered from 32,-...
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OFDM transmitter bandwidth
Theory
Suppose an OFDM transmitter with four subcarriers is implemented using the structure shown below.
If the serial data input rate is 40 bps, each parallel stream will run at 10 bps. ...
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Sending complex signal over a single wire
The G.hn protocol uses OFDM to transmit data. And it sounds like they are doing it on a single wire. OFDM symbols are a complex number with I and Q components. How are they able to send two separate ...
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what's the baseband FFT size of LTE?
In standard of 3GPP LTE physical layer(3GPP TS 36.211), the FFT size for baseband signal generation for both Dl and UL is 2048 and CP size is also determined. However there is a table in several ...
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Purpose of interleaving in OFDM systems
Interleaving is often encountered in digital communication systems. I have seen interleaving between codewords in a single OFDM symbols as follows
Assume the bits are denoted by
$$\{c_o,c_1,c_2,\...
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Why is LTE either FDD or TDD?
In LTE systems, up- and downlink are duplexed either using FDD or TDD. Why has this not been designed to utilize the same multiplexing technique as used for the downlink (OFDMA)? Resource blocks could ...
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Really basic question about OFDM
I am new to signal processing and am currently doing research into the subject. I am learning about Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing and have a question. Most definitions of OFDM mention its ...
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How to demonstrate the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers?
Assume if we have $N$ OFDM subcarriers represented by results of the inverse FFT of $N$ data symbols $\mathbf x$. As I know, the subcarriers of OFDM should be orthogonal. It means that
$$X(n)X(n+1) = ...
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Fixed point channel model for OFDM system
I'm testing an OFDM system implemented in fixed point. The data format is Q11. My system work's fine but I need to test it under some channel for evaluation of the design before field testing. The ...
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Difference between Fine and Coarse Frequency Offset in OFDM
I need to explain for a project the difference between Fine and Coarse Frequency Offset in OFDM signals. I know what the frequency offset is and what it does to the carrier frequencies but I cannot ...
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OFDM DA conversion problem
I'm working on a sound card based OFDM system and ran into some problems:
How can I perform DAC on the real and imaginary parts of the IFFT? I think they are real numbers instead of 0 and 1. Thanks.
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Modulation order in real signal and complex signal modulation
In real signal modulation, e.g. ofdm based on DCT transform, the modulation order $m$ should be $\sqrt{M}$ where $M$ is the modulation order of the complex signal. for example, if we are using QPSK ...
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LDPC for channel coding
I am working on OFDM over harsh channel, so the channel coding is an essential thing for achieving a reliable communication.
According to my reading, LDPC is almost the best channel coding we can use ...
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Explanation a flat fading channel in case MIMO OFDM
I am trying to understand flat fading and frequency selective channels.
As I understood, in the case of flat fading channels MIMO channel elements, $h_{i,j}$, are random variables.
Which assumption ...
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Upsampling and Downsampling using IFFT and FFT (DFT Based Resampling)
Assume in OFDM , there are N=64 subcarriers. I would like to upsample my signal by Factor 8 after IFFT and pass it through channel then downsample it by factor 8 before FFT. I can use upsample, ...
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Simulating noise in OFDM
I'd like to simulate a certain $E_s/N_0$ in a baseband OFDM MATLAB modem to generate SER curves.
I randomize 50 QAM symbols with $N$ subcarriers each in frequency domain, add null frequencies (guard ...
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Cross Ambiguity Function Peak Width
I am trying to plot the Cross Ambiguity Function of two OFDM signal (1024 subcarriers) reflected from two targets, which are separated by 30m.
The problem I am facing that the CAF peak width at the ...
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Necessity of Cyclic Prefix in OFDM
I have a question on CP-OFDM.
In recent years people are talking about filter bank approach where they are trying to filter out the out of band side lobes using filters. Besides they are presuming ...
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DAC implementation in OFDM
In an OFDM transmitter, after IFFT & CP block, a DAC block is used.Since the output of IFFT is complex, and the input to DAC should be an integer, how can we integrate the two blocks? I ...
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Does the OFDM MMSE Channel Estimator Require Prior Channel Knowledge?
The OFDM MMSE channel estimator seems to require a-priori knowledge of the channel to calculate the MMSE estimate. See equation 8 here: http://cache.freescale.com/files/dsp/doc/app_note/AN3059.pdf. ...
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Half Subcarrier spacing in LTE Uplink
First post here, trying to make it as good as possible. Do not know how to make the Python code look nice - any tips? :) Anywho - to the main problem:
I am currently working on simulating the uplink ...
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Problem using MMSE estimation of channel frequency response
I need to model the minimum mean square error (MMSE) performance in estimating channel frequency response. I have channel's power delay profile (PDP) as a table with tap delays and powers.
The ...
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Coherence bandwidth/delay spread in OFDM
Say we want to design an OFDM system and we have some parameters given to us, i.e. the coherence time $T_c$ and the max delay spread $T_m$.
It's clear to me why we need to ensure $T_s(N+N_{cp}) \ll ...
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Number of samples in one period of subcarrier after IFFT
I have a quick question about the number of samples in one period of a sub carrier in OFDM systems. The IFFT process generates N-parallel sub carriers in discrete time domain which are sent ...
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OFDM modulator in LTE
My understanding of what an OFDM modulator does, is that it takes a parallel sequence of QAM symbols of size M, pads it with zeroes corresponding to the zero subcarriers, then passes them through an ...
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What is the difference between (Sample Timing Offset), (Carrier Frequency offset), and (Sampling Frequency Offset)?
Briefly, can anyone explain to me what is the difference between (Sample Timing Offset), (Carrier Frequency offset), and (Sampling Frequency Offset)?
and is Sampling Frequency Offset (SFO) like STO ...
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What is the advantages of BPSK+OFDM over usual BPSK (with no OFDM Modulation)?
The other days I read a useful article (on BER v.s. Eb/N0 curve of ofdm) whose link is as bellow. While watching the plot inside, a question was arisen in my mind. I wonder if the BER v.s. Eb/N0 curve ...
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Carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation using cyclic prefix
I understand the cyclic prefix, but in (1) it's said that: "If we consider that the channel effect is minimal and can be neglected. then the phase difference of the CP and the OFDM symbol which the ...
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Coherence bandwidth and coherence time in an OFDM system
While studying an OFDM system, I have encountered statements like coherence bandwidth is the reciprocal of delay spread and coherence time is the reciprocal of the Doppler spectrum.
Can somebody help ...
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OFDM coarse freq estimation
I am trying to read OFDM synchronization paper by Schmidl and Cox. The math is slightly overwhelming.
What is the formula that they use in implementation that distinguishes between coarse estimation ...
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Bandlimiting and OFDM spectrum - what is considered "bandlimited"?
I have been reading about OFDM modulation, it's not clear to me how you can have band-limited OFDM but given its prevalence in wireless communication there must be some designation of approximately ...
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Why do we need FFT pairs for OFDM?
this is a basic question, but i barely find any tutorial to explain this. Most of tutorial dont talk about why use IFFT and FFT, they just say "oh, at transmitter, we just take this information time ...
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Multipath resistance of spread spectrum systems
I have been reading about various telecommunications technologies and one thing keeps being repeated many times without a clear explanation - that spread spectrum is not only resistant to multipath ...
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why LTE doesn't use DC subcarrier in the downlink?
I know LTE doesn't use the DC subcarrier for OFDM/OFDMA modulation for the downlink, but no author gives a detailed explanation to this stuff.
Can you tell me the reason behind it?
Thank you!
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