Questions tagged [modulation]
Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high-frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with the amplitude of low-frequence modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted.
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Effect of Passband Slope on QPSK Constellation
What is the effect of a passband slope on a QPSK (or any QAM) constellation? Specifically given a linear slope (in magnitude, not dB), and no phase distortion (linear phase or even zero-phase) how ...
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FSK: Selecting center frequencies and Carson's Rule
I'm implementing 2FSK and 4FSK modulation schemes for an experimental system. I'm using GNURadio, although that shouldn't affect the question.
I'm trying to figure out how the center frequency should ...
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Effect of Passband Slope on a BPSK Constellation
What is the effect of a passband slope on a BPSK constellation? (This is a companion question to the related "DSP Puzzle" for QPSK)
Specifically given a linear slope (in magnitude, not dB), ...
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Answered-Question About Radar Pulse Modulation
I am trying to simulate a radar-transmitted signal with a 4.5 Hz clock frequency and 1.8 GHz carrier frequency. I generated the carrier signal and a rectangle shape pulse signal, then multiplied in ...
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Adaptive Delta Modulation: Logic for step size control at receiver
I read that in adaptive delta modulation, we have a block for step size control (diagram below) which takes into account the one bit quantizer output in a feedback loop and modulates it, the intent ...
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How to find the noise power in my simulation
I am currently working a tricky communication chain that I want to simulate into Matlab.
The chain is like a classic BPSK modulator/demodulator chain, but where the BPSK modulated signal has been ...
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How to calculate the accurate BER expression of circular 8-QAM constellation modulation?
It is easy to understand the BER derivation of square QAM, but the circular 8-QAM? I'm quite confused. The decision region is not in a rectangular shape anymore, meaning regular way does not work here....
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Does anyone recognize this modulation?
I'm trying to extract the code of my garage remote, but i have some difficulty to find witch modulation has been used.
At first I thought it was a simple digital modulation, but there is some strange ...
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Information in GFSK signal
I was measuring a Bluetooth LE Signal, particullary a Channel with center frequency 2402 MHz and Bandwidth of 2 MHz, 2401 - 2403 MHz.
Those measurement points are just the highest peaks.
In the ...
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Demodulation distortion in single-sideband and double-sideband
I am trying to compare the demodulation for single sideband (SSB) and dual sideband modulation formats (DSB) when the reconstructed carrier is not perfect (i.e. shifted in both frequency and phase). I ...
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What is dynamic pulse-width modulation?
I'm working through exercises in a book called The Audio Programming Book and have been doing okay for nearly 300 pages, but have just got stuck. (I'm a musician, not programmer or audio specialist ...
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TDE, OFDE and FDE equalizer simplest exmple in matlab
I want to implement the equalizer in matlab. I am just learning this. I want a good kick start code that can help me to learn it further. I searched a lot on Google but do not find a good reference ...
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How to implement GMSK demodulation
I am currently trying to implement a GMSK demodulator, using Java. I am actualy trying to use the model of this block diagram. However, I really do not know what goes on within the mode selector and ...
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Adaptive Delta Modulation For Speech Signals
I need to implement an adaptive delta modulation encoder and decoder using matlab for my term project. How can I code a good adaptive delta modulation? How can I change ...
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Maximum Frequency deviation in Frequency Modulation
I am writing a script to frequency modulate the stereo audio signal, and later calculating the modulation index wrt time.
As we have to modulate the stereo audio signal, I have to first synthesize ...
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What is the relationship between Symbol Duration and Sampling Frequency in a 256 MPSK radio link
I'm struggling to work out the relationship between Symbol Duration and Sampling Frequency in an MPSK link.
For instance, if the Sampling Frequency is 10MHz this means that a sample is taken every ...
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What are different encoding schemes used in gigabit ethernet?
I was reading about digital transmission, there are many steps namely
Analog to Digital conversion
Source coding
Channel coding
Line coding
Pulse shaping
Modulation
Multiple access techniques
Out of ...
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Is there an open source "Data over Voice" library?
I need to transfer data from A to B using audio as the medium, with a speaker at one end and a microphone at the other. Sometimes simply through the air, but it must also work through legacy phone ...
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modulation transfer function and ground resolved distance
I am trying to understand something in remote sensing but lack a background in science and technology so it is difficult. Hopefully this is a reasonable question to ask.
In sensing there are different ...
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Deriving the IF phase equation of FMCW
My understanding of the FMCW was limited to one chirp and was mostly focused on frequency analysis. (Mostly built upon this answer)
I wanted to expand my understanding to multiple chirps and was ...
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Higher order M-FSK modem implementation
I am looking for the optimum modulation scheme to build a half-duplex modem minimizing the required SNR at the expense of bandwidth efficiency. The key system parameters are described below:
Target ...
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What is the difference between sending pulses and modulating waves?
If you look for amplitude, frequency, phase modulation, you typically get some picture saying you have a wave and you modulate the corresponding parameter (amplitude, frequency, phase). On the other ...
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802.11a OFDM Long Preamble Cyclic Prefix
im currently looking at an implementation of the preamble for OFDM in the 802.11a standard, as shown in the pic below
What I dont understand is the cyclic prefix (labelled GI2). Based on this picture ...
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FM and PM waves
I have to find the FM and PM waves corresponding to this sawtooth signal:
I have found out the PM wave as:
I am getting the FM wave as this :
I have plotted this using Python. Can anyone please ...
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How to implement GMSK model by Thierry Turletti
I'm kind of new to signal processing and trying to implement a GMSK modulator using GMSK in a nutshell by Thierry Turletti to modulate a bunch of binary data and send them over RF antennas. I'm very ...
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2FSK implementation with VCO GNURadio
I am fairly new to GNURadio. I am trying to generate a 2FSK with minimum frequency shift. Instead of multiplying with a 8MHz complex carrier, I directly use VCO to generate two frequencies. One at 7....
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If a function has slowly varying amplitude and phase what is the bandwidth of the amplitude and phase individually?
I am dealing with time histories that are narrow band with slowly varying amplitude and phase. I wish to extract the amplitude and phase but there is noise on the time history. An example of the type ...
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SNR measurement
I am using QPSK modulation for a BER of $10^{-6}$ at $\text{SNR}=E_b/N_0=10 \ \rm dB$.
If my data rate is $5 \ \rm kbps$ then
$$S/N_0 = 10\log_{10}(5000)+10 = 47\ \rm dB$$
And if my RF section has a ...
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Wideband FM bandwidth estimation
In the book Modern Digital and Analog Communication Systems by B. P Lathi, there is a section for the estimation of WBFM bandwidth. First, the staircase approximation of $m(t)$ is constructed by the ...
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Non-coherent FSK and Orthogonality and square-law detectors
This is a basic figure that explains how Non-Coherent FSK actually works. The incoming signal
$ r (t)=\sqrt{2 P}{Cos}(2 \pi t (\text{fc}+\text{fi})+\text{n(t)}$
where P denotes the signal power in ...
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Model of modulator and demodulator in Simulink. Why is MER so lowest?
I created a simple model in Simulink of a quadrature modulator, amplifier and quadrature demodulator. On the oscilloscope(scope in Simulink) and spectrum analyzer the displayed results look normal (at ...
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What is DAB modulation in signal generators?
I am using R&S signal generator and for generating a DAB signal there is an option for mentioning the modulation level in %. For example, we can generate DAB modulation 50% . I can understand that ...
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What's wrong with my M-ary ASK modulation demodulation MATLAB code?
My MATLAB code linked below implements ASK modulation of an M-ary signal, impresses it on a carrier, adds AWG noise of various SNRs. Then, for each SNR, demodulates the signal and calculates the ...
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GNU Radio - Bandwidth and Band Reject Filter
I am currently trying to generate a psk modulated carrier with gnu radio.
Attach is an image of my flow graph.
As can be seen I am generating a bit stream using the Random Source module and ...
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low-frequency amplitude with phase modulation of low Hz carrier
I am writing an FM/PM synthesizer, using Java. For the most part it works pretty well. What I am curious about is an attempt to use a low frequency tone as a carrier. By low frequency, I mean in the ...
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Is an extra symbol at the origin of a QAM constellation ok?
This question is specifically directed at Maximilian Matthé (as you work with 5G systems), and to anyone who can shed some light.
I am trying to implement a GFDM system with a total of N = K*M ...
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Mathematics in selection of RC time constant for an envelope detector for AM
Let the capacitor be charged to voltage $ V(t_0) $ at $ t=t_0 $ and then start discharging. At time $ t \, (>t_0)$, the delayed capacitor voltage is $$ v(t)=V(t_0)\operatorname{exp}(- \frac{t-t_0}{...
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ssbmod single sideband modulation artifacts
clc; clear all; close all;
[c,fs]=audioread('60hz.wav')
r=ssbmod(c,160, fs)
r=r/max(max(abs(r)))
audiowrite('artifacts.wav',r,fs,'BitsPerSample',24)
I am trying ...
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FSK demodulator by integration if the samples per symbols is 2
Say I have a binary FSK with +f and -f frequencies and I have two samples per symbol.
Let's consider the "1) multiply with <...
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Determining frequency deviation FM
I am trying to understand the concept of frequency modulation. As written in Wikipedia, if I have a signal containing information $x_m(t)$ and I want to transmit it using frequency modulation, I need ...
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How do I decode(demodulation) and get original data from audio sample data
Here I'm talking about the less-than-ideal situations, in other words, the audio
sample data may have burrs or error bits in it.
Encode and decode theory:
I am using FSK to encode my original binary ...
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BER of OQPSK Modulation
I am unable to find out a formula for the BER for the OQPSK Modulation. Currently, I am using the berawgn function from Matlab to calculate the BER for OQPSK but I am looking for an expression for ...
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Minimum Shift Keying (In-phase, Quadrature Components derivation)
In the derivation of the minimum shift keying in-phase and quadrature components in Simon-Haykin Communication Systems 4th ed (p.387-390) we start off with the definition of the signal to be
$\ s(t) $...
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Calculate a Kind of Equivalent Baseband Signal by Examining the Zero Crossing
I have a device (whose behaviour I can't change) which does the following signal processing:
The incomming signal contains two frequencies $f_1$ and $f_2$. One has a huge amplitude, the other a ...
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PPM Variant - Analytic symbol error probability
I'm trying to calculate symbol error probability of variant of pulse position modulation considering only AWGN channel. The decoder is maximum likelihood so the implementation of the detector is by ...
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The transmitted signal of DPSK
I am very confused about how to get the transmit sequence of the DPSK signal.
In my lecture notes, teacher give as the following example.
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Bandwidth of a modulated signal in analog domain
If i am using QPSK modulation with data rate 4 Mbps with rolloff factor $0.5$, then the bandwidth will be symbol $\rm rate\times (1 + rolloff\ factor)$. So here it will be $\rm 2\ MHz\times 1.5 = 3\ ...
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Oqpsk pll delay axis ambiguity
I don’t understand how this phenomenon appear in OQPSK carrier recovery loop. I found nothing on google. Is it a normal phenomenon in OQPSK loop or specific? Why does it get reversed I and Q? In the ...
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Preparing data for modulation classification based on RML2016
I would like to validate a trained model based on RML2016.10a. My idea is to capture a certain amount of data (20 Msps) for approximately 0.3 seconds. Then, I identify all the signals in this ...
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Comparing communication systems with different modulation orders and code rates
I propose an end-to-end communication method in my research. The key part of the method is not the channel coding and modulation but we use them anyway. I am using 1/3 rate Turbo codes with QPSK and ...
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