Questions tagged [modulation]
Modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of a high-frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with the amplitude of low-frequence modulating signal which typically contains information to be transmitted.
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If a AM modulation have large carrier is a asincronous modulation? and if that is correct why?
When I use DSB-LC (Double Side Band-Large Carrier) trasmission the receiver just use a envelope detector instead a mixer that fact means a asincronuos trasmission? Because I understand that in DSC-...
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Explanation for the following code in python [closed]
x=2 *(rand(N) >= 0.5) - 1
Can someone please explain how the above expression corresponds to BPSK signal please?
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42 views
Why bit rate is same in a lower frequency spectrum and higher spectrum?
If there is a spectrum between 0 Mhz - 1 Mhz, bandwidth would be 1 Mhz here and for example with baseband we can send 2000 bps. What I can't understand is if spectrum is 5-6 Mhz instead of 0 - 1 Mhz, ...
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1answer
40 views
Is there any relation between QAM and streaming?
I am trying to determine whether there is any relation between QAM and streaming (e.g., video streaming).
I know that QAM can be used for broadcast TV. I'm not sure if QAM is used for WiFi bit ...
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1answer
25 views
Diode demodulation for AM
What is the capacitor and resistance at output of LPF meant for in the document it was mentioned that it is DC blocker I don't get it can't message contain DC value.
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22 views
Envelope detector for AM signals
How or what are the constraints for deciding factors of envelope detector for AM As far as I know that charging time of capacitor should be below 20T where T is periodic time of carrier and ...
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26 views
Channel state information from non-HT packets: is that possible?
I read several papers about CSI data, but one thing is not clear.
I would like to extract csi from legacy rate packets. I read some forums related to existing CSI tools and they only state that CSI ...
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20 views
How to find index of FM modulation
In text I know that frequency of amplitude signal is 10KHz and carrier frequency is 80 MHz. And I need to write code for FM modulation in matlab, I know how to calculate index but here I do not know ...
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2answers
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Getting the bitstream of an unknown RF signal
I am trying to get the bitstream of a signal sent over 433MHz. I have installed SDR# (I'm on Windows), connected my NESDR SMART, and I identified the signal here:
I can see there is only one peak ...
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3answers
47 views
Why only odd harmonics after non-linear amplification?
Why do I get only odd harmonics appearing? This not only happens at saturation of the transfer curve, but also in the linear portion of the curve.
I make a input signal that has too high power that ...
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1answer
44 views
What does this spectrogram mean?This is spectrogram of a multitone FM signal
! The spectrogram of FM signal has been generated by using Matlab.Now I want to what does these scratch like lined represent, though I have only two frequency components in my message signal(https://i....
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What determines the maximum/minimum values in I/Q constellation diagram?
I need to do some data analysis on I/Q samples and was trying to know what are the parameters that determine the maximum/minimum values of these samples. In other words, what determines the maximum/...
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Generating a phase modulation frequency spectrum with jitter
I would like to produce a frequency spectrum plot like this:
(from All About Circuits)
I know that one can take the modulation frequency and multiply it by a given order and scale by the modulation ...
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1answer
123 views
Relation between constellation SNR and baseband SNR
Let's say I have an I/Q modulation, ie. QPSK.
I can simulate an the effects of an AWGN channel by adding to my QPSK symbols the realizations of a complex normal.
$\mathcal{CN}(0,\frac{1}{\mathrm{SNR}...
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24 views
How to compare two 802.15.4 O-QPSK modulated digitals signals?
I am working on wireless sensors project and I am trying to simulate a transmission between two nodes.
So let's say I have two nodes which transmit the message to each other, i.e. node 1 transmits ...
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2answers
51 views
Does gray coding bring improvement to SER of QPSK, compared with natural coding?
I understand gray coding contributes to BER of QPSK, yet really don't understand why it brings improvement to SER. According to the relationship of SER and BER, it should be improved. Actually, when ...
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IT++ and Alternatives DSP Libraries
I want to implement some signal processing blocks in C++ so I did a bit of search on the available libraries for signal processing in C++ and I found that IT++ provides comprehensive set of functions, ...
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1answer
119 views
Differential Pulse Code Modulation (DPCM)
In the following figure we see an encoder and a decoder of a Delta Modulation System, which is a simple DPCM System with a 1-bit quantizer:
We assume that signal $x(n)$ is known, that $\hat{x}(-1)=0$ ...
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42 views
Continuous Phase Modulation
The wikipedia article on continuous-phase modulation states the following:
For instance, with QPSK the carrier instantaneously jumps from a sine to a cosine (i.e. a 90 degree phase shift) whenever ...
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1answer
20 views
confused in using modulation technique
I am given a question in which I have to draw the spectrum of the signal $m(t)$ and then draw the spectrum of this modulated signal. The signal is
$$m(t)=\cos(1000\pi t)$$
Now in solution manual ...
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1answer
21 views
Synchronization Accuracy Required For Communications
One of the biggest problems in phase modulated communication is discovering when your signal has arrived. High accuracy in this area is important, as even a quarter wavelength error can cause the ...
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0answers
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Multiply signal $x[k]$ with $\cos(2\pi\nu_0k)$, then given $X(\nu)$ draw resulting function in frequency domain?
Let
$$y[k]=x[k]\cdot \cos(2\pi\nu_0k) .\tag{1}$$
Then, given a signal $x[k]$ with the DTFT $X(\nu)$ according to the following figure
what will the frequency domain for $Y(\nu)$ look like for a ...
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BER vs Eb/N0 for BPSK signal with depth of modulation 120 degrees (+-60 degrees)
I want to draw graph of function BER vs Eb/N0 for BPSK modulation with depth of modulation is from –60 to 60 degrees (or from 0 to 120 degrees). Can I use for that MatLab's tool 'bertool', or I need ...
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magnitude spectrum of a signal xc(t), where xc(t) = square function * cosine function
im currently learning about signal processing in school. The objective i want to achieve is to modulate the square wave to a certain frequency for transmission and apply a LPF and demodulate at the ...
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Why do IQ Impairements, Quadrature Skew and DC offset have these geometric effects on the constellation?
I'm studying telecommunications, and would like to be sure to understand the maths behind these effects.
For IQ Imbalance and DC offset, it seems pretty clear why we observe a rectangle shape or a ...
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1answer
97 views
What does the phase discriminator portion of the Costas Receiver do mathematically?
What does the phase discriminator portion of the Costas Receiver do mathematically?
The output of the I-channel is $ \frac{1}{2}A_C \cos \phi \, m(t) $. Which means for small deviation of phase $ \...
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1answer
85 views
How is frequency related to data rate?
How does (if it does) frequency affect/relates to Data Rate.
Why for example using the same modulation, LoRa (in the physical layer),
you get somewhere around 250kbps at 2.4Ghz and only 20kbps at ...
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0answers
171 views
16-QAM output waveforms vs. 4-PAM levels
I've found some conflicting information about how the I/Q waveforms look compared to the 4-PAM signals before the modulator.
Here it is shown that the 4-PAM digital signals are filtered, so the ...
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21 views
Filtering of an AM signal at the reciever
Transfer function of a filter at the input of a receiver (synchronous demodulator of AM signal) is given with equation:
$$H(f)=e^\frac{-(f-f_0)^2}{B^2}+e^\frac{-(f+f_0)^2}{B^2}$$
$B=10kHz$
It is ...
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1answer
44 views
How to correct a QAM time delay
How can you correct the anticlockwise rotation that occurs in the received constellation of a QAM system?
My only idea is to compensate the delay with an advance but this is impossible since you ...
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1answer
52 views
Is there a relationship between Average energy of transmission and power saving
As mentioned in many books, the average energy of transmitted symbol is given by:
$E_s = (2/3)(M - 1) $
where $M$ indicated the modulation order.
Suppose that we are using in the first scenario $...
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1answer
34 views
Modulation scheme for a noisy channel with a complicated transfer function
I want to build an audio modem with a speaker in a room and a smartphone. The channel is quite bad:
Far field, so there is potentially significant reverb
Typical residential background noise
phone ...
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1answer
54 views
Question about QAM
I'm trying to understand QAM transmission and I'm struggling to understand this sentence, 'The advantage of using QAM is that it is a higher order form of modulation and as a result it is able to ...
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1answer
84 views
Converting complex baseband signal to passband signal
I have to convert baseband signal (BW-20MHz) to passband signal centred at 20MHz.
I am implementing this in matlab. so, this is how I tried it.
I have already generated LTE Waveform BW- 20MHz , fs =30....
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1answer
44 views
I have the scatter plots for a Hamm and Tukey(0.25) windowed data. The complex data plotted from Hamm windowed forms a pattern, why?
The Hamm windowed complex data forms some sort of a quantized pattern whereas in the same code if tukeywin(0.25) is applied normal noise is observed. Any idea why ?
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1answer
192 views
Relationship between Bandwidth and Bit Rate
In one of my classes I have learned that if we look at transmitting a binary signal with ASK, we can get the bandwidth (i.e. the width of the main lobe in the frequency domain) with BW = 2 * Fb, where ...
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1answer
67 views
Modulation and Noise
I am fairly new to studying communication systems.
When it comes to different digital modulation techniques, does the effect of an additive complex noise (a) introduced by the system, and (b) by the ...
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1answer
34 views
Why is carrier wave affected by percentage modulation?
In amplitude modulation, Power of a carrier wave is represented by : $$P_c = \frac{A_c ^2}{2R}$$
Which is independent of modulation index!
Question: At what factor is the power of carrier wave ...
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3answers
84 views
Representing data in combination of QAM and BPSK
I have a question regarding the data representation in different modulations. Assuming we are using MIMO system whith $4$ $T_x$ x $4$ $R_x$ which means four transmission antennas by four receiving ...
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1answer
263 views
How to generate IQ component for transmitting 2FSK
I am trying to generate IQ components for 2FSK modulation.
I have started off from this thread FSK and IQ modulation , but I don't quite understand the IQ TX components plotted in the example there by ...
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Input and Output SNR Calculation in AM receiver input and output
For the FOM calculation of an AM receiver, the input and output signal powers are respectively,
$$P_{in} = \frac{A_c^2(1 + k_a^2P_m)}{2}$$
$$P_{out} = k_a^2A_c^2P_m$$
These are obtained from the input ...
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1answer
49 views
About combination between QAM and PAM
I have confused question regarding the possibility of combination between QAM modulation and PAM in order to improve the spectral efficiency. Is that possible?
As you see in the below Figure, it's ...
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2answers
96 views
How to calculate $E_b/N_0$ for a 8-PSK?
How to calculate $E_b/N_0$ for a 8PSK? My BER is given. But I don't understand how to calculate $E_b/N_0$ as it is inside a Q function.
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1answer
23 views
Characterization of the amount of modulation in a signal
We have used the ICRA babble noise to generate an 8-talker babble. As a background - babble noise is used as a substitute for competing talkers as babble noise lacks lexical content, but contains the ...
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1answer
154 views
What is the index modulation in OFDM and Subcarrier Index modulation?
I'm new here, I'd like to ask about the OFDM-IM (OFDM - Index modulation), what is it and how it works? Is it the same as SIM-OFDM?
I checked white papers, I see it's using the index of sub-...
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1answer
62 views
Advantage of using DFT and IDFT hardware for modulation
I am doing a course in communications and while discussing multicaruer modulation to break down a signal into smaller bandwidths (for BW to be less than coherence bandwidth), there was mention of ...
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1answer
152 views
What is the mixed numerology in OFDM
In order to meet the user requirements in the next
generation radio access technology, the ongoing standardization within 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) offers flexibility in terms of ...
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1answer
51 views
upconverting a kHz/MHz signal to GHz
I want to know how in practice we can take a kHz/MHz signal to a GHz band?
Suppose we have an FSK modulated signal at around 300 kHz (or 20 MHz). I want to take it to 3.5 GHz, so about 3499700 kHz ...
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2answers
130 views
Why would we simulate baseband rather than passband
My question is, Why do we usually use baseband in simulation rather than passband? however, if we want to test our simulated idea in real environment, it must be sometimes in passband !!
So, should ...
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1answer
630 views
How to convert sampled real audio signal to it's IQ components for IQ modulation?
So my question is this:
How to convert sampled real audio signal to it's IQ components for IQ modulation?
For instance: WHen I have my DSP or FPGA receive a audio signal through a ADC, which is just ...
