Questions tagged [digital-communications]
Digital Communication is the physical transfer of data (a digital bit stream) over a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint communication channel.
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Amplitude of a signal
I want to transmit a communication signal. The signal consists of a preamble and data. However, the amplitude of the preamble is different from that of the data.
Here are my questions:
Is it ...
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two dimensional integration of a trigonometric function
I am working on a detection problem which finally, I have to solve the following 2-D integral:
$$\int\limits_{a}^{b} \int\limits_{c}^{d}e^{A\sin(x)\cos(y-B)}\, \mathrm{d}x \, \mathrm{d}y \ ,$$
where $...
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Understanding the Eye Patterns: analysis [duplicate]
I got the following Eye Patterns:
how to understand them? what kind of information can I get?
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Why do I keep seeing this equation for $E_b/N_0$
I keep seeing $$\frac{E_b}{N_0} = \frac{E_\text{s}}{\rho N_0}; ~~ \rho=\log_2{M}$$
But my own calculation is:
$$\frac{E_b}{N_0} = \frac{E_s}{N_0}\frac{1}{k}$$
Where $k = \frac{\rho n}{ms}$, where $\...
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1answer
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Why the average signal power should be 1
When I read some books or papers related into signal modulation, for example, frequency-domain OFDM signal, it's always mentioned that the average power of signal is assumed to be 1.
Why does that ...
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MAP Estimation Problem for Frequency Band Occupancy Calculation
Consider designing a wireless communication system. Your communication link is not iso- lated in the environment, there are other similar devices trying to communicate in the same general frequency ...
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1answer
83 views
How is signal to noise ratio actually measured by receiver equipment?
This sounds like quite a basic question but it surprised me, how is SNR actually measured?
You have the incoming signal:
It seems like the SNR is just the visual comparison of the peak signal '...
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31 views
What is the benefit of adding zeros subcarriers in frequency-domain OFDM signal?
I have noticed in some OFDM systems, some null subcarriers are added in frequency domain. What's the benefit of those zero subcarriers, and is that mandatory ?
An example I have read about that adding ...
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52 views
Optimal Receiver Using Complex Baseband
Given the below signals and a square pulse shape, I want to design the optimal receiver using complex baseband:
$s_0 = p(t)sin(300\pi t)$
$s_1 = p(t)sin(301\pi t)$
I know that I will be using a ...
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1answer
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linear convolution toeplitz matrix vs circular convolution toeplitz matrix
I have an issue in understanding the difference between building the Toeplitz matrix when the convolution is linear and when it's circular. As I know that Toeplitz matrix $H$ can be built as following
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Should the correlation check should happen at the start of the receive chain?
Should the correlation check should happen at the start of the receive chain.
does it act like a start of burst data? But does phase and freq offset has any effect on this?
or should it happen at bit ...
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disrupts frequencies detection
Let's say I flew a Drone in the air and someone disrupts frequencies of the Drone,
Changing the frequency of the drone to the signal of the jamming frequency can it prevent its falling?
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3answers
88 views
How to demonstrate the orthogonality of OFDM subcarriers?
Assume if we have $N$ OFDM subcarriers represented by results of the inverse FFT of $N$ data symbols $\mathbf x$. As I know, the subcarriers of OFDM should be orthogonal. It means that
$$X(n)X(n+1) = ...
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1answer
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To remove doppler for equalizer doppler does it need decision directed like carrier recovery?
Normally equalizer is used at the start of the receive chain .So do we need decision directed to estimate the doppler here and also later for carrier recovery for carrier phase recovery?
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What is the Co-channel interference in MIMO communication
I try to understand the co-channel interference occurred in MIMO systems with rich multi-path channels, but I couldn't find clear explanation about how it happens and what's its effects to the ...
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Why is the noise on an eye diagram not in the centre i.e. at 0?
I don't yet completely understand eye diagrams. Why isn't the noise in the centre of this polar BPSK diagram and instead are 2 margins at -4 and 4.. surely that's not where the noise would be in ...
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1answer
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Multipath channel estimation in single carrier modulation
I think itās a basic question, but I couldnāt get itās clear answer. If we have data symbols $x$ vector of length $N$ x $1$ ; itās convoluted with a multipath channel $h$ of length $L$ x $1$; the ...
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Decoding packets in Long Mode Range
Im using CC1350 launchpad microprocessor of Texas Instrument that I configure my transmitted packets using SmartRF studio
Im trying to decode my packets for verifying if my transmitted packet is valid ...
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1answer
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Use of the harris-Moerder Nyquist Pulse Shaping Filter
I became aware today through fred harris' excellent presentation at the DSP Online Conference (https://www.dsponlineconference.com/) of the harris-Moerder pulse shaping filter which was published 15 ...
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1answer
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Inter Channels interference in MIMO system
If we have MIMO system with $2$ transmit antennas, ($T_1$ and $T_2$) and $2$ receive antennas ($R_1$ and $R_2$). The received signal of the first received antennas can be explained:
$r_1$ = $h_{11}$$...
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3answers
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QAM Amplitude Levels
I'm working on a project to stream video between 2fpgas by using QAM. While mapping symbols with different amplitude pulses(PAM) a question popped up in my mind. In real life how does communicating ...
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FSK technique to superpose the digital communication on top of 4ā20 mA signals
I start a working with HART devices and I really try to understand how digital data is transferred trough 4-20ma current loop.
I start read this article: https://instrumentationtools.com/hart-...
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How to encode binary sequence if the number of bits are odd to e.g. 4-PAM? (Beginner)
I'm new to signal constellation and trying to understand how M-PAM works. If there is a binary sequence that has on odd number of bits and I want to send a 4-PAM signal, there will be one bit left ...
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Quantization types
Suppose i have input sequence
{-1.3,1.2,-0.2,-0.5,0.4,0.89,1.3}
Which are uniformly quantized through a quantizer having range (-1.5,1.5) with 4 levels
My calculted answers for-
First method:mid rise ...
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SNR of Ī¼-law companding
I know the snr after Ī¼-law compression is
$\text{SNR}\approx\frac{3L^2}{[\ln(1+ \mu)]^2}$
when $\mu \gg \frac{\max_t m(t)}{\text{rms}(m(t))}$,
where $m(t)$ is the message signal, and
$L$ the number ...
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1answer
29 views
Ī¼-law compression technique
In Ī¼-law compression formula i have always seen that the value of Xmax and Ymax is always same but can they be different?
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2answers
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Quantization processs
In a quantization process what happens when the signal range is more than the quantizer range?
Suppose i have a sinusoidal signal which ranges from -5 to +5 but the quantizer which has four levels ...
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Received signal's power under Raleigh fading
I am trying to understand how to calculate the power of a received signal under Raleigh fading.
What I gather is that the Rayleigh fading is a complex Gaussian random variable and that the multipath ...
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Self-correlation vs Digital frequency: figure from paper
In the paper, is discussed a MIMO-OFDM system over the frequency self-correlation of i.i.d. Rayleigh
channels and subcarrier grouping. in this paper is shown the following figure.
it shows the self-...
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How to infer mathematically if the transmission error is correctable after applying Longitudinal and Vertical Redundancy Check LRC,VRC?
I have the following message in binary:
Transmitted Message:
1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1
1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0
1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1
1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0
Received Message:
1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1
1 | 0 | 1 | ...
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BPSK and QPSK demodulation computational complexity
I wanted to ask about the real operations of BPSK and QPSK demodulation. How can we calculate it?
I mean for example if I have a received symbol +0.6, then I need to demodulate it to be 0 or 1. what's ...
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Series Sum Operator Properties and Identities
As I was reading my book, I came across the following expression:
\begin{equation}
\sum _{n=-N}^N\sum _{m=-N}^N \phi \left(n-m\right)
\end{equation}
Then the book said, if we let $k = n-m$, then:
\...
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Isn't the rect pulse filter implicit at the transmitter?
I've heard about shaping the symbol with a rect filter at the transmitter, but why? Isn't this just implicit from the fact that it's going to be transmitted as a symbol truncated to the symbol period ...
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CFO estimation and compensation
I am reading about CFO estimation in OFDM system, assume for example that we estimate it based on CP as mentioned HERE and the estimated CFO for the received signal $r(t)$ is $Ī²$. My question, how now ...
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Recover an OFDM signal affected by AWGN
I have an OFDM signal affected by AWGN, if I know the power of the gaussian noise, can I recover the OFDM signal? Can I perform deconvolution to recover the original signal?
thanks
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Decoder implementation
Im struggling to implement / build convolutional decoder .
I've done implementation of FEC encoder which it's as shown in the photo below:
So this is the encoder that I've implemented, and I want to ...
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1answer
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Non Coherent BPSK with no Channel State Information at the receiver
Where or what is the proof for the failure of BPSK in fading channel when we have no knowledge of the fading coefficient $h$ at the receiver in the equation $y=hx+w$, where $x$ is BPSK symbol equally ...
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In a communications system does the order of channels is in a cascaded channel affect the overall capacity?
I'm currently looking at capacity for cascaded channels as part of my Communications Systems module and we're looking at a question in which we have four identical channels represented by the ...
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2answers
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FEC decoder processing delays
I am trying to implement a burst demodulator. I have catered bits in premable for carrier and timing recovery and for fec also
in the recieve side if i am using viterbi decoder/TPC coder will the ...
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OFDM time-domain equalization
I am working on OFDM, and recently I have read a new type of OFDM called TDS-OFDM, where they guard interval is not neither zeros nor CP. It's a pseudo-noise inserted between symbols. The structure ...
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What can be a limit to the maximum possible power of a pilot signal
In practice, what can be a limit to the maximum power of a pilot signal in wireless communication?
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Doopler spread and delay spread in an equation of channel freq response
Assumed the transmission system with channel impulse response is determined by the matrices $H(\tau_l) \in C^{N_R \times N_T}$ ( $N_R$ and $N_T$ are numbers of received and transmit antennas)
By ...
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1answer
30 views
BW of a modulated signal
I come across different types of bandwidth. In digital modulation should it be null to null always?
when do we use 3 db bandwidth?
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transmitting the real/imaginary parts of pass-band signal
As I know, the transmitted pass-band signal whose carrier frequency is $f_c$ can be written as follow:
$s_1(t) = \text{Re}(a(t)e^{j2Ļf_ct})$ , where $a(t)$ is the complex modulated base-band signal. ...
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Relation between ICI and EVM in OFDM System
in an OFDM system with ICI, how can I calculate the ICI power using the error vector magnitude (EVM) constellation?
thanks
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differential modulation and reception
I use a differential modulation with a SIMO system. At the reception, I have $2$ antennas.To find my symbol, I use the relation $r^{\ast}_i(n-1)r_i(n)$ to have the phase of the symbol with $r_i(n)=\...
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Capacity and BER as performance of transmission system
We study the performance of the transmission system by channel capacity or BER/SER. If the system performance is studied as BER/SER, does it make sense to study a channel capacity?
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Resource block size in freq-selective channel
I asked about the basic of a frequency selective channel [here][1]. It was discussed Resource block (adjacent subcarriers and time indices together into "chunks")
what parameters affect the ...
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1answer
76 views
noise floor of attenuator
NF of attenuator is same as the attenuation value as the noise floor remains same but signal level gets attenuated? But NF of amplifier depends on the device as it increases both signal and noise?
