# Why is the state space representation, $dx/dt = A x(t) + B u(t)$ linear?

One thing puzzles me about the state space representation and that is why is it claimed that such systems are linear and time-invariant but particularly why are they claimed to be linear? The right-hand side of $dx/dt = A x(t) + B u(t)$ does not seem to obey superposition? Is it because the solutions to these systems are linear?

For example:

$y_1 = A x_1 + B u$

$y_2 = Ax_2 + B u$

$y_3 = A (x_1 + x_2) + B u$

Therefore $y_3 \neq y_1 + y_2$

I'm I doing something wrong?

What you have listed is a state equation. Usually a state-space representation has two equations:

(i) $\dot{x}(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)$
(ii) $y(t)=Cx(t)+Du(t)$

One takes the input $u(t)$ and generates the state $x(t)$ and another that takes the input $u(t)$ and state $x(t)$ and generates the output $y(t)$. You are missing the second equation.

That aside, the equation that you have is basically a 1st order linear differential equation. It's important to note, here, that the input is not $x(t)$, it is $u(t)$. $x(t)$ is the state variable.

I will examine just the first half (input to state) and leave the second half (input and state to output) to you. I will remark, though, that if $x(t)$ is linear with respect to $u(t)$ then $y$ in equation (ii) above necessarily has to be linear by virtual of adding two linear terms together, so the second half is really trivial.

The first half is:

(1) $\dot{x}(t)=Ax(t)+Bu(t)$

Can you show that it is linear?

I will show additivity and leave homogeneity to you. Say you have inputs $u_1$, $u_2$, and $u_3=u_1+u_2$.

One way to do this is to solve (1). As it is a 1st order ODE, it is not too difficult, but let's be lazy.

Let $x_1$ be the state generated by input $u_1$ and $x_2$ be the state generated from input $u_2$, then we have

(2) $\dot{x_1}(t)=Ax_1(t)+Bu_1(t)$

and

(3) $\dot{x_2}(t)=Ax_2(t)+Bu_2(t)$

(4) $\dot{x_1}(t)+\dot{x_2}(t)=Ax_1(t)+Ax_2(t)+Bu_1(t)+Bu_2(t)$
(5) $\dot{x_3}(t)=A(x_3(t))+B(u_3(t))$
where $x_3 = x_1+x_2$.
So input $u_3 = u_1+u_2$ generates state variable $x_3 = x_1+x_2$, showing that additivity holds for the state equation.
• Of course, I should have realized that the test involves changing the inputs not the state variables. The state variables just change as a consequence. Thank you very much, this was a huge help. I didn't include the output equation, $y$ because I wanted to keep the question short but you're right that the complete system has two equations. – rhody Jan 24 '13 at 3:38