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I have been given the specifications for a digital highpass filter (stopband, passband, stopband attenuation and maximum passband ripple).

I am expected to design a prototype lowpass filter in the analogue domain, use frequency transformation to convert it to a highpass, then use bilinear transformation to convert it into a digital filter. I am using a Butterworth filter for prototype.

However I have not been given the sampling frequency(or period) for pre-warping. I have seen textbooks take period = 1 as it is arbitrary, however I don't understand why. Any confirmation that this is okay, and explanations will be appreciated!

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The sampling frequency is not arbitrary and important to specify for pre-warping. This is clear when reviewing how each analog frequency in the bilinear transform is mapped one-one to a digital frequency according to:

$$f = \frac{F_d}{F_s} = \frac{1}{\pi}\tan^{-1} \bigg(\pi\frac{F_a}{F_s}\bigg) \tag{1} \label{1}$$

Where:

$f = F_d/F_s$ is the normalized digital frequency in units of cycles/sample,
$F_a$ is an analog frequency in Hz
$F_s$ is the sampling rate in Hz

Observe that $tan^{-1}(\infty) = \pi$ and thus the Bilinear Transform "warps" the entire analog frequency domain from $F=0$ to $F= \infty$ to the digital frequency domain of $f=0$ to $f=1$ (where $f=1$ is the sampling rate in units of normalized frequency), but the specific mapping of each analog frequency over that range is dependent on the value of $F_s$ that is used, as given by \ref{1}.

Normalizing the discrete-time frequency domain is commonly done such that the resulting spectrum associated with DC to the sampling rate extends from $f =0 \text{ to } 1$ cycles/sample, which may be the source of the OP's confusion.

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    $\begingroup$ ya know, i am a big believer in ordinary frequency (instead of angular frequency) in the continuous-time domain. but for some reason (i think the unit circle) i think normalizing angular frequency is more handy. for me it's always $$ \omega = \frac{2 \pi F_d}{F_s} = 2 \arctan\left( \pi \frac{F_a}{F_s} \right) $$ so it would be in the unitless radians per sample and would occur at the angle of $\omega$ on the unit circle. $\endgroup$
    – robert bristow-johnson
    Jul 15 at 0:13
  • $\begingroup$ @robertbristow-johnson agreed, for digital signals I also find angular frequency to be the simplest path. $\endgroup$
    – Dan Boschen
    Jul 15 at 2:29

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