I'm having a tough time understanding the phase increments which are quadratic in nature in the chirp signal. When I see consecutive samples, what will I see in terms of phase and if I have to measure the phase difference between the two samples, what will I see ?
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$\begingroup$ What do you expect you will see? $\endgroup$– Dan BoschenDec 13, 2019 at 0:29
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$\begingroup$ I wasn't able to understand the quadratic nature of time and how does that affect the phase. $\endgroup$– AmuDec 13, 2019 at 3:30
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$\begingroup$ I see, Did Envidia answer your question or is there still confusion? $\endgroup$– Dan BoschenDec 13, 2019 at 3:30
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$\begingroup$ I'm still confused. I'm really sorry. $\endgroup$– AmuDec 13, 2019 at 3:32
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$\begingroup$ No worries don't apologize! Welcome to Signal Processing Stack Exchange as well. It's possible to root of your problem isn't signal processing but math- but I can try to help you figure out where your stuck and where to go for help. $\endgroup$– Dan BoschenDec 13, 2019 at 3:34
2 Answers
Take the chirp signal
$$ x(t) = e^{j\pi\alpha t^2} = e^{j\phi(t)} $$
Where $\alpha$ is the chirp rate of the signal. You can see that the function describing the phase, $\phi(t)$, is in the form of a quadratic equation. So you can plot
$$ \phi(t) = \pi\alpha t^2 $$
and see the quadratic nature of the phase at any point in time. The actual phase-change between each sample depends on what your sample rate is.
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$\begingroup$ Thank you @envidia for taking the time to answer my question. Maybe I'm overthinking it. $\endgroup$– AmuDec 13, 2019 at 3:34
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$\begingroup$ @Amu I think you were! Also chew on Dan's answer below, which goes into how the derivative of $\phi(t)$ yields the instantaneous frequency of the signal. $\endgroup$– EnvidiaDec 13, 2019 at 4:57
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It may help to know that frequency is the derivative of phase. A change in phase versus a change in time is frequency by definition. A phase that keeps growing in the positive direction linearly represents a positive frequency. If you looked at this on the complex plane you would see a phasor rotating counter clockwise: constant magnitude and linearly increasing phase. If the phase rotates $2\pi$ it will have completed 1 cycle. Thus we get to cycles/sec and Hz. To complete this visual picture, a similar phasor that rotated clockwise would be a negative frequency: the phase is increasing in the negative direction with time. Add the two of them together and you get a result that stays on the real axis (so actually has a phase that is only 0 and $\pi$) which is a real cosine given by Euler's Identity:
$$cos(\theta) = \frac{e^{j\theta} + e^{-j\theta}}{2}$$
Note that $e^{j\theta}$ is the same thing as $1\angle \theta$, so when you have the expression $e^{j\omega t}$ you have the spinning phasor I described with a magnitude one and a phase that is growing linearly with time at rate $\omega$.
With that in mind hopefully it is much clearer to you now how the phase of a chirp signal relates to its frequency: Phase versus time is the integral of frequency versus time. If the frequency was constant (positive) with time, the phase would be increasing linearly with time. Similarly if you have a frequency ramp (frequency increasing linearly with time which is a chirp), the phase would be quadratically increasing with time.
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$\begingroup$ Oh wow ! The last paragraph especially made things very clear. I will have to go through it in my head a couple of times so that I fully understand it. Thanks a lot. $\endgroup$– AmuDec 13, 2019 at 4:05
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$\begingroup$ You mean what $e^{j\theta}$ represents, simply? $\endgroup$ Dec 13, 2019 at 4:06
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$\begingroup$ by integral of frequency versus time, do you mean instantaneous frequency ? $\endgroup$– AmuDec 13, 2019 at 5:26
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$\begingroup$ Yes the frequency at any instance in time. Are you able to visualize the spinning phasor on the complex plane with regards to frequency? $\endgroup$ Dec 13, 2019 at 5:27