# What are the various definitions for $\rm SNR$, and their associated methods for measuring it?

The definition of $\rm SNR$ seems to be somewhat of a tower of babel in industry. What definitions of $\rm SNR$ are there (feel free to site application), and how exactly can it be measured for that applications?

My specific questions on $\rm SNR$ are:

1. How may we measure $\rm SNR$ for a communications system, if we have not yet been able to attain optimal bit sampling timing, and all we have to work with are all the signals in the receiver up to and including the envelope of the I and Q channels? See this post for context.

2. Once we attain optimal bit sampling, and softbits are attained, how best to measure $\rm SNR$ (or $E_bN_0$)? One way I use is: $$10\log_{10}\left[ \frac{\textrm{mean}\left\{\lvert s_n \rvert^2\right\}}{\textrm{var}\textrm\{\lvert s_n \rvert\textrm\}}\right],$$

however I understand this is not suitable for low $\rm SNR$ cases. What other ways exist?

• How do I make this a community question?... Oct 27 '11 at 17:05
• @DilipSarwate Can you expand on BEND ratio please - how would you measure bit energy and noise density? (At what stage of the receiver would you do so?) Oct 27 '11 at 19:16
• @Mohammad A mod has to be the one that makes it a community wiki. Usually communities have to be careful how many questions get marked as community wiki when many times a standard question/answer format is the best. Oct 29 '11 at 2:48
• Why would you need to know the SNR before attaining optimal bit sampling? Oct 29 '11 at 2:49
• @Kellenjb Thanks, I was thinking this can be a community wiki so that everyone can add their own experience with SNR for different apps, how they measured it, etc... Oct 29 '11 at 2:57

• $$\frac{E_b}{N_0}$$: This is the most common measure of signal to noise ratio used for digital communications. Referred to in the comments above by Dilip as the "BEND" ratio, Eb/N0 is the ratio of the energy per (information) bit ($$E_b$$) to the (assumed to be white) noise power spectral density ($$N_0$$) over the signal bandwidth. This is often used as a figure of merit for digital communications systems because it is normalized by the system's symbol rate and modulation format (since it is the energy per bit). This allows very different system implementations to be compared for efficiency on a level playing field, in an apples-to-apples fashion.
In some other specific applications, you might also see $$\frac{E_s}{N_0}$$ (energy per symbol instead of energy per bit in the numerator) or $$\frac{E_c}{N_0}$$. I've seen two different meanings for the latter: first, in coded communications systems, you might see this, where $$E_c$$ stands for the energy per coded bit, in contrast to $$E_b$$, which is the energy per information bit. Another meaning: in direct-sequence spread spectrum systems, you might see $$E_c$$ refer to the energy per chip instead.
• $$\frac{C}{N_0}$$: This quantity is often termed "carrier to noise ratio." One place that I've seen this used as a common measure of signal quality is in GPS-related literature. This is very similar to the "pure" definition of SNR, except that the (again, assumed to be white) noise power spectral density value $$N_0$$ is used in lieu of the total noise power over the signal bandwidth. Since bandwidth is a somewhat squishy term that has many different definitions (there is no one particular measure of what a signal's "bandwidth" is that is accepted to be correct), this ratio is somewhat more precise and less ambiguous than the "pure" SNR metric.
• @Mohammad: There's no easy answer to your question. There are a lot of definitions of the Shannon capacity; you can put it in terms of the "pure" SNR for a bandlimited signal, or in terms of $\frac{E_b}{N_0}$. Most statements of "the" Shannon capacity theorem have the ratio $\frac{S}{N}$ in them, which is the ratio of total signal power to total noise power over the signal bandwidth. In deriving it, however, the assumption is that the signal is strictly bandlimited to a specific bandwidth $B$, so there's no ambiguity over which definition of "bandwidth" to use in calculating the SNR. Oct 31 '11 at 16:37