# How to prove Line Spectral Pair coefficient properties?

I am trying to understand the definition of LSP coefficients from http://www.dspcsp.com/pdf/lsp.pdf. We take the polynomial $a(x)$ of degree $M$ from the denominator of the LPC system function, and represent it as a sum of a palindromic and an anti-palindromic polynomial:

$a(x) = 0.5(p(x) + q(x))$, where

$p(x) = a(x) + x^{M+1}a(x^{-1})$

$q(x) = a(x) - x^{M+1}a(x^{-1})$

Then, the textbook says,

it is not hard to show that if all the zeros of a(x) are inside the unit circle, then all the zeros of $p(x)$ and of $q(x)$ are on the unit circle. Furthermore, the zeros of $p(x)$ and $q(x)$ are intertwined, i.e., between every two zeros of $p(x)$ there is a zero of $q(x)$ and vice versa.

How can this be proved?

UPD.

I found an article by Soong and Juang, "Line spectrum pair and speech data compression", with a proof. It depends on the equality $|z_iz - 1|^2 - |z-z_i|^2 = (1-|z|^2)(1-|z_i|^2)$, where neither $z_i$ nor $z$ are assumed to be real. But then the equality does not hold: $|z_iz - 1|^2 - |z-z_i|^2 = (z_iz - 1)(\overline{z_iz} - 1) - (z - z_i)(\overline{z} - \overline{z_i}) = |z_i|^2|z|^2 + 1 - zz_i -\overline{zz_i} - |z|^2 - |z_i|^2 + \overline{z}z_i + z\overline{z_i} = (1-|z|^2)(1-|z_i|^2) - (z - \overline{z})(z_i - \overline{z_i})$

• Hint: If $\alpha$ is a zero of $a(x)$, that is, $a(\alpha)=0$ where $a(x) = \sum_{k=0}^M a_kx^k$ is a polynomial, and $\alpha$ is inside the unit circle, then $x^{M+1}a(x^{-1})=\sum_{k=1}^{M+1} a_{k-1}x^{M+1-k}$ has as root $\alpha^{-1}$ which lies outside the unit circle. – Dilip Sarwate Jun 3 '18 at 20:09
• I see that, but how does it help? – seed Jun 5 '18 at 9:27

Ok, so the plan of the proof is as follows:

First, I am going to fix the Soong and Juang's proof that if all roots of $$A$$ lie inside the unit circle, then all roots of $$P$$ and $$Q$$ lie on the unit circle. (I am going to follow their notation, too.)

Then, I am going to prove that all roots of the LPC polynomial are indeed inside the unit circle.

Finally, I'll prove that the roots of $$P$$ and $$Q$$ are intertwined.

The first part is easy. We define $$H(z) \triangleq z^{-(M+1)}\frac{A(z^{-1})}{A(z)}$$

Since A is a polynomial with real coefficients, complex conjugation is a permutation on the set of its roots, therefore H can be factored as $$H(z) = z^{-1} \prod_{i=1}^M {\frac{z_iz-1}{z-\overline{z_i}}},$$ where $$z_i$$ are the roots of $$A_M(z)$$. Now, since $$|z_iz - 1|^2 - |z-\overline{z_i}|^2 = (z_iz - 1)(\overline{z_iz} - 1) - (z - \overline{z_i})(\overline{z} - z_i) = |z_i|^2|z|^2 + 1 - zz_i -\overline{zz_i} - |z|^2 - |z_i|^2 + zz_i + \overline{z}\overline{z_i} = (1-|z|^2)(1-|z_i|^2)$$,

Therefore, $$|H(z)| \text{ is } \begin{cases} >1 &\quad\text{if } |z| < 1\\ <1 &\quad\text{if } |z| > 1\\ =1 &\quad\text{if } |z| = 1\\ \end{cases}$$ Because the solution to P(z) = 0 or Q(z) = 0 requires that H(z) = ± 1, we conclude that P(z) and Q(z) can only have zeros on the unit circle.

OK, now how do we prove that all zeros of $$A(z)$$ lie inside the unit circle? We are going to prove that the polynomials $$A_M(z)$$ satisfy a recursive relation: $$A_{M+1}(z) = A_M(z) - \kappa_M z^{-(M+1)}A_M(z^{-1}),$$ where $$|\kappa_M| < 1$$. ($$\kappa_M$$ are called reflection coefficients.) Then we'll prove recursively that all roots of $$A_M(z)$$ are in the unit circle.

$$A_M(z) = 1 + a_{M,1} z^{-1} + \ldots + a_{M,M} z^{-M}$$ is a polynomial whose coefficients minimize the forward prediction error: $$E_{f,M} = \sum_k{\left(x(k) + \sum_{m=1}^M {x(k-m) a_{M,m}}\right)^2}$$ If we write down the optimality condition for $$a_{M,m}$$, we get the Wiener-Hopf equations: $$R_M \vec{a_M} = - \vec{r_{f,M}},$$ where $$\vec{a_M} \triangleq [a_1, a_2, \ldots, a_M]^T,\\ \vec{r_{f,M}} \triangleq [r(1), r(2), \ldots, r(M)]^T,\\ r(l) \triangleq \sum_k{x(k) x(k-l)}, \\ R_M \triangleq \begin{pmatrix} r(0) & r(1) & \ldots & r(M-1) \\ r(1) & r(0) & \ldots & r(M-2) \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ r(M-1) & r(M-2) & \ldots & r(0) \\ \end{pmatrix}$$ Similarly, the solution to the problem of backwards linear prediction $$\text{minimize } E_{b,M} = \sum_k{\left(x(k-M) + \sum_{m=1}^M {x(k-m+1) b_{M,m}}\right)^2}$$ must satisfy the equation $$R_M \vec{b_M} = - \vec{r_{b,M}},$$ where $$\vec{r_{b,M}} \triangleq [r(M), r(M-1), \ldots, r(1)]^T$$ Define the coidentity matrix $$J_M$$ as $$J_M = \begin{pmatrix} 0 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 1 \\ 0 & 0 & \ldots & 1 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 1 & \ldots & 0 & 0 \\ 1 & 0 & \ldots & 0 & 0 \\ \end{pmatrix}$$ It is easy to see that $$J_MR_M = R_MJ_M,$$ therefore $$R_M \vec{a_M} = -\vec{r_{f,M}} = -J_M\vec{r_{b,M}} = J_M R_M \vec{b_M} = R_M J_M \vec{b_M}.$$ Since, as I have shown, the matrix $$R_M$$ is nonsingular, it follows that $$\vec{a_M} = J_M \vec{b_M}$$. Furthermore, $$E_{f,M} = r(0) + \vec{r_{f,M}^T} \vec{a_M} = r(0) + \vec{r_{f,M}^T}J_M J_M \vec{a_M} = r(0) + \vec{r_{b,M}^T} \vec{b_M} = E_{b,M} = E_M$$ Consider the following expression: $$\begin{pmatrix} R_M & \vec{r_{b,M}} \\ \vec{r_{b,M}}^T & r(0) \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 \\ \vec{a_{M-1}} \\ 0\\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} E_{M-1}\\ 0_{(M-1)\times 1} \\ K_M\\ \end{pmatrix}$$ where $$K_M = r(M) + \vec{r_{b,M-1}^T}\vec{a_{M-1}} = r(M) + \vec{r_{b,M-1}^T}J_M\vec{b_{M-1}} = r(M) + \vec{r_{f,M-1}^T}\vec{b_{M-1}}$$ We define the reflection coefficient as $$\kappa_M = \frac{K_M}{E_{M-1}}$$ From backward linear prediction, we have: $$\begin{pmatrix} r(0) & \vec{r_{f,M}^T} \\ \vec{r_{f,M}} & R_M \\ \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 0 \\ \vec{b_{M-1}} \\ 1\\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} K_M\\ 0_{(M-1)\times 1} \\ E_{M-1}\\ \end{pmatrix}$$ Multiplying both sides of this equation by $$\kappa_M$$ and subtracting it from the previous matrix equation, we get: $$R_{M+1}\begin{pmatrix} 1\\ \vec{a_{M-1}} - \kappa_M \vec{b_{M-1}} \\ -\kappa_M\\ \end{pmatrix} = \begin{pmatrix} E_{M-1} (1 - \kappa_M^2) \\ 0_{M \times 1} \\ \end{pmatrix}$$ From which it follows that $$\vec{a_M} = \begin{pmatrix} \vec{a_{M-1}} - \kappa_M \vec{b_{M-1}} \\ -\kappa_M\\ \end{pmatrix}$$ and $$E_M = E_{M-1}(1-\kappa_M^2)$$. Since $$E_M > 0$$ and $$E_{M-1} > 0$$, we get $$|\kappa_M| < 1$$.

Now let us prove by induction that all roots of $$A_M$$ lie inside the unit circle.

Base: For $$A_1$$, $$\kappa_1$$ is the only root.

Induction step: Suppose we proved that all roots of $$A_M$$ lie in the unit circle. $$A_{M+1}(z) = A_M(z) (1 - \kappa_M H(z)),$$ So, if $$A_{M+1}(z) = 0$$, then either $$A_M(z) = 0$$ or $$|H(z)| = 1/\kappa_M > 1$$, therefore $$|z| < 1$$.

The last thing to prove: zeros of P and Q are intertwined. Zeros of P are solutions to $$H(z) = -1$$ and zeros of Q are solutions to $$H(z) = 1$$, so it is sufficient to prove that the phase of H monotonously decreases as $$z = e^{jw}$$ travels the unit circle.

H(z) can be factored as $$H(z) = z^{-(M+1)}\prod_{i=1}^M {\frac{1 - \overline{z_i^{-1}}z^{-1}}{1 - z_iz^{-1}}}$$ We are going to prove that the phase of each multiplier is a monotonously decreasing function of w. An easy way to do this is by using the law of tangents.

$$\frac{\tan{(\beta - \alpha)/2}}{\tan{(\beta + \alpha)/2}} = \frac{1/r - 1}{1/r + 1}$$ $$\angle \frac{1 - \overline{z_i^{-1}}z^{-1}}{1 - z_iz^{-1}} = - 2 \arctan{(\beta - \alpha)/2} = - 2 \arctan{\left(\frac{1/r - 1}{1/r + 1} \tan (90° - (w_i - w)/2)\right)}$$ is a monotonously decreasing function of w, q.e.d.