# Given a causal LTI system with a transfer function, determine if the system is an all-pass filter

We are given a transfer function of a causal LTI system and must determine if it is an all-pass filter:

$$H(z) = \frac{1 + 4z^{-2}}{4 - z^{-2}}$$

To the best of my recollection to determine if a system is an all-pass filter, we must first find the poles and zeros and see if they are conjugate reciprocal pairs. So working on that and finding the poles and zeros, we find that...

the poles are at $z = \tfrac{1}{2}, -\tfrac{1}{2}$

the zeros are at $z = 2j, -2j$

With that being said the poles and zeros are no conjugate reciprocal pairs. That being said, are there any exceptions or other criteria that would make a system an all-pass filter?

## 1 Answer

In an all-pass filter we should have $$H(z)H^*(1/z^*)=c^2$$ which means that the poles and zeros of the system $H^*(1/z^*)$ cancel the zeros and poles of $H(z)$. As a result, an all-pass filter has conjugate-reciprocal pole-zero pairs. For this system:

$$H^*(1/z^*)=\frac{4z^2+1}{-z^2+4}$$ So $$H(z)H^*(1/z^*)\neq c^2$$ You can also see that the poles and zeros are not conjugate and reciprocal: $\frac{1}{\left(\pm2j\right)^*}\neq\pm\frac{1}{2}$

• equality in the last line ? – Fat32 Apr 29 '17 at 21:42
• $\frac{1}{(2j)^*} = \frac{1}{2}$ is it right ? :-) – Fat32 Apr 29 '17 at 22:14
• Thank you very much for the in-depth analysis. It makes sense how the conjugate and reciprocal aren't equivalent after looking at your plot. – Andre Yonadam Apr 29 '17 at 23:20
• You're welcome @AndreYonadam – msm Apr 29 '17 at 23:42