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I have a pending exam and this is one of the must-know questions. It will be about checking controllability/observability of a simple MIMO linear system, using Controlability Gramian/Observability Gramian.

More precisely, the system will be given in state-space representation, with the system matrix A of size 3x3.

Searching around, both Gramian matrixes are well defined. However, I am unable to solve the integral equation.

  • Do I need to solve the integral equation from the definition?
  • If so, how do I compute exp(A) on paper for A being a 3x3 matrix?
  • From this example, I conclude that the definite integral of a matrix is computed element-wise. Is that so?

I know those are a bunch of silly question. What I am looking for is just a tutorial or a sample calculation

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By the evening i will have :( failed the exam. As the exam varians are rather consistent, I will post the exact problem, that was given to me. Hopefully then it will be easier to answer. – Vorac Feb 8 at 8:38

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